英式英语与美式英语语法对比

IngrammerBritishEnglishAmericanEnglish1.Verbagreementwithcollectivenouns2.Tense：Pasttenseformspresentperfecthave-get-take3.Useofauxiliariesandmodals4.UseofprepositionsBrEAmEThecommitteemeets/meettomorrow.Thecommitteemeetstomorrow.Theteamis/aregoingtolose.Theteamisgoingtolose.Collectivenouns+verbBrE:singular/pluralverbsAmE:singularverbsVerbAgreementWithCollectiveNounsTheenemyissuingforpeace.(AmE)Thegovernmenthavenotannouncedanewpolicy.(BrE)TheBeatlesareawell-knownband.PasttenseformsLastnight,I_____________(dream)thatIcouldfly.Thebadnewshas___________(spoil)myday.Hesuddenlysprangtohisfeetwhenhe___________(learn)thenews.dreamt/dreamedspoilt/spoiledlearnt/learnedBrE:irregularformAmE:regularform1pptCompanyLogoInfinitiveSimplepast(Br)Simplepast(Am)Pastparticiple(Br)Pastparticiple(Am)burnburned/burntburned/burntburned/burntburned/burntdreamdreamed/dreamtdreamed/dreamtdreamed/dreamtdreamed/dreamtgetgotgotgotgottenlearnlearned/learntlearnedlearned/learntlearnedsmellsmelled/smeltsmelledsmelled/smeltsmelledspoilspoiled/spoiltspoiled/spoiltspoiled/spoiltspoiled/spoiltwakewokewoke/wakedwokenwokenBrE:presentperfect(have/has+P.P).AmE:simplepastJennyfeelsill.Sheatetoomuch.(AmE)Jennyfeelsill.She'seatentoomuch.(BrE)Ican'tfindmykeys.Didyouseethemanywhere?(AmE)Ican'tfindmykeys.Haveyouseenthemanywhere?(BrE)PresentPerfectTense你完成作业了吗？Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?Didyoufinishyourhomeworkyet?我刚吃过午饭。I'vejusthadlunch.Ijusthadlunch.我钥匙丢了。Ihavelostmykey.Ilostmykey.你有笔吗？Haveyougotapen?Doyouhaveapen?ChineseBrEAmEExpressionsPossessionBrE:havegotAmE:haveDoyouhaveacar?(AmE)Haveyougotacar?(BrE)Hehasn'tgotanyfriends.(BrE)Hedoesn'thaveanyfriends.(AmE)Verb‘Get’‘get’:PastParticipleBrE:gotAmE:gottenHe'sgottenmuchbetteratplayingtennis.(AmE)He'sgotmuchbetteratplayingtennis.(BrE)ListentothetwosentencesHe'sgotbetteratreading.He'sgottenbetteratreading.BrEAmEUseofdelexicalverbshave&takeI'dliketohaveabath.She'shavingalittlenap.(BrE)Joe‘stakingashower.I’dliketotakeabath.Let‘stakeashortvacation.Whydon’tyoutakearestnow?（AmE）InBritishEnglish,theauxiliarydoisoftenusedasasubstituteforaverbwhenreplyingtoaquestion,e.g.:A:Areyoucomingwithus?B:Imightdo.InAmericanEnglishA:Areyoucomingwithus?B:Imight.UseofauxiliariesandmodalsBrETheyneedn'tcometoschooltoday.AmETheydon'tneedtocometoschooltoday.BrEIshall/willbetherelater.(future)Shallwe/Iaskhimtocomewithus?（adviceoropinion）AmEShouldweaskhimtocomewithus?needshallBritishEnglishattheweekendatuniversityPleasewritetomesoon.AmericanEnglishontheweekendinhighschoolPleasewritemesoon.Prepositions•AmEHejumpedoffofthebox•BrEHejumpedoffthebox.BrE:Thisplaceisdifferentfrom/toanythingI'veseenbefore.AmE:Thisplaceisdifferentfrom/thananythingI'veseenbefore.AGame!WhoisDirtyDan?ScotlandYardpolicearelookingforafamousAmericanbankrobbercalledDirtyDan.DirtyDanrobbedabankinLondonlastFridaynight.Theyareinterviewingthreedifferentpeople.AllthreehaveBritishaccents,butthepoliceknowthatDirtyDancanimitateaBritishaccent.Readpartsofeachofthetranscript.CanyouidentifyDirtyDanfromthelanguageheuses?1pptCompanyLogoI’vealreadysaidthis.OnFridaynightIwenttoseeafilmatthecinema.ItwasMatrixRevolutions.Idon’treallylikeactionfilms,butmyfriendsreallywantedtoseeit.Itwasratherboring.AfterthatIwenthomeandhadanicehotbath.Iwenttobedaroundmidnight.3Iwasn’tintownattheweekend,andIcertainlywasn’tanywherenearthebankonFridaynight.IwasatahotelinPariswithaspecialfriendofmine.ShallIgiveyouthehotelphonenumber?Youneedn’tbotheraskingmeanymorequestions.You’vegotthewrongman.2Ialreadysaidthis.Ididn’tdoanythingspecialontheweekend.FridaynightItookashowerinmyapartmentandthenwentouttoseeamovie.ItwasamovieIhadalreadyseen,MatrixRevolutions.Ireallylikeactionmovies.IwentwithmygirlfriendSamantha.1Thankyou！第二章对比研究的哲学基础湖北工业大学外国语学院黄中辉本章要讨论的几个问题1.语言是什么？2.语言和思维的关系？3.语言世界观的具体表现？4.语言世界观对对比研究的意义？语言是什么？海德格尔：语言是存在的家园。伽德默尔：能被理解的“存在”就是语言。★“存在”是西方哲学的本体问题。老子：道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。---------天底下的事物千差万别，归根结底是由“道”生成的。★语言观就是“道”。“道”不同，语言观不同。语言新定义语言是人类认知世界及进行表达的方式和过程。（语言世界观）其他语言关：自足观、工具观、本能观，文化语言观等。其他语言观自足系统观1.结构主义理论。2.建立语音语法体系3.着眼于语言的自然属性，如语音，形态学。4.代表人物：索绪尔交际工具观1.着眼于语言的社会属性，如语言交际功能，语用功能等。2.代表人物：斯大林天赋能力观1.语言是本能还是非本能？2.着眼于语言的人类属性3.代表人物：乔姆斯基哲学和语言学的关系哲学的三个转向：本体论阶段（Ontology）Whatisthere?认识论阶段（Epistemology）Whatdoweknow?Howcanweknowanythingatall?Whatjustificationhaveweforourclaimstoknowledge?语言的转向（theLinguisticturn）语言与思维的关系语言反映思维？语言决定思维？三个观点一、反映现实论第一个世界（物质世界）----古代本体论的转向---反映现实论二、认知假说第二个世界（思维世界）-----近代认识论的转向---认知假说三、沃尔夫－萨丕尔假说第三个世界（语言世界）-----语言的转向---沃尔夫－萨丕尔假说洪堡特及其沃尔夫-萨丕尔假说1.洪堡特：德国语言学家、哲学家、普通语言学的创始人内蕴语言形式：语言的语义和语法结构-----是一种语言的语法和语义结构的系统，这种系统深藏在语言内部，是每一种语言所特有的东西。2.新洪堡特主义沃尔夫－萨丕尔假说：★语言决定论(linguisticdeterminism):语言决定思维★语言相对性(linguisticrelativity):人们对世界的认识由于受制于所在民族的语言，因而仅具有相对的真理性。2.3语言世界观的具体表现语言反映不同民族的概念和意义体系语言反映不同民族的价值体系语言反映不同民族的思维方式2.4语言世界观对对比研究的意义给语言以本体论地位，促进开展语言研究是认识共性和个性的基础决定了语言对比必须联系文化和心理背景是正确认识语言影响、语言渗透、语际转换和语际翻译等问题的基础