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分类号密级UDC编号10486武汉大学硕士学位论文生态需水量计算及评价方法研究研究生姓名：范源指导教师姓名、职称：陈森林教授学科、专业名称：水文学及水资源研究方向：水资源系统规划与管理2006年4月22日ResearchonEcologicalWaterDemandComputationandAssessmentMethodDissertationSubmittedtoWuhanUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementfortheMasterDegreeofEngineeringMasterCandidate:FanYuanSupervisor:Prof.ChenSenlinApril22，2006郑重声明本人的学位论文是在导师指导下独立撰写并完成的，学位论文没有剽窃、抄袭、造假等违反学术道德、学术规范的侵权行为，本人愿意承担由此而产生的法律责任和法律后果，特此郑重声明。学位论文作者（签名）：年月日-I-摘要随着人口与经济的迅速发展，人类过度的开发水资源生态空间，生态系统的平衡受到了严重地改变和破坏，水环境污染和水资源短缺问题日益严重，水资源开发利用与生态环境的矛盾愈显突出。因此研究生态需水量，探讨水资源的适宜开发强度与合理配置，将人类活动控制在生态、资源、环境允许范围内，是当前刻不容缓的工作，这项工作已成为国内外共同关注的焦点。针对我国水资源开发利用引起的生态问题，本文在总结分析前人研究成果的基础上，首先对生态蓄水的理论和方法进行了探索和研究，然后以武汉市为研究实例，对全市的生态环境需水进行了比较系统的计算和预测，并对当前生态用水作出了评价，建立了生态用水预警机制。主要内容如下：（1）简述了我国面临的生态环境问题，阐述了生态环境需水研究的必要性。在阅读国内外大量相关文献资料的基础上，总结分析了近年来国内外生态环境需水的研究进展和所取得的成果，以及存在的不足。（2）界定了生态需水的相关概念，如生态需水、生态用水、生态缺水、最小生态需水、适宜生态需水。并从水循环的生态效应分析了生态需水量的理论基础，提出了研究生态需水需要遵循的原则，最后对生态需水影响因素作了阐述。（3）把生态需水分为河流、湖泊、湿地、植被及城市生态需水五种类型，在分析了水体承担的生态功能的基础上，对维持各种生态功能所需要的水量进行了计算，考虑到水体生态功能的重叠，最后对生态需水汇总时，剔除重复计算的部分水量。在对五种类型生态需水的计算方法进行了总结和研究后，形成了一套比较完整和系统的计算方法。（4）建立了生态用水评价指标，指出应该从水量和水质两个方面判断生态需水的满足程度。提出了生态用水预警机制，并提出针对警情作出的应对措施。（5）结合武汉市的具体情况，对武汉市的生态环境需水进行了应用研究，比较系统的初步计算和预测了各个水平年河流、湖泊和城镇的生态环境需水量。并对武汉市具有代表性的河流湖泊生态用水作出评价并判断其警情。（6）对本文的研究成果进行了全面的总结，并对研究中存在的问题和有待进一步完善的内容进行了归纳和展望。关键词：生态需水；生态用水；武汉市；预警机制-II-AbstractWiththerapiddevelopmentofpopulationandeconomy,waterresourcehasbeenexcessivelyexploitedandthebalanceofecosystemhasbeenseriouslychangedanddestroyed.Theproblemofwaterresourcepollutionandshortageisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Thecontradictionbetweenexploitationwaterresourceandenvironmentisbecomingmoreandmoreacute.Thereforeweshouldstudytheecologicalwaterrequirement,considertheloadingabilityofwaterresource,probingintowaterresource'sreasonableexploitationdegreeandconfiguration.Andpeople'sactivitymustbecontrolledtoconcerntheloadingabilityofecosystem,resourceandenvironment.Thisworkshouldbedonewithoutdelayandithasattractedthedomesticandinternationalcommonfocus.Basingonthesummarizingandanalyzingpresentresearchoftheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemandindomesticandabroad,thisarticlehasresearchedthetheoryandapplicationoftheecologicalwaterdemand.AccordingtotheconcretecircumstanceofWuhanCitywhichinhumidregion,differentmethodstocalculatetheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemandofWuhanhavebeentakenbywriter.Andithaspredictedrequirementofecologicalandenvironmentalwaterinfuture.Ithasestimatedecologicalandenvironmentalwater,andconductedtheecologicalusedwaterforecastingsystem.Themaincontentsofthispaperareshownasfollows:Firstly,theecologicalandenvironmentalproblemsofourcountryaresimplydescribed,andthenecessariestoresearchtheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemandarepointedout.Basedonreadingalargenumberofdocuments,theprogressandproductionsabouttheenvironmentalwaterdemandaresummarized.Andtheexistentshortagesarepointedoutbywriter.Secondly,thischapterhasproducedtherelatedconceptdefinitionofthetheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemand,forexample,ecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemand;ecologicalandenvironmentalwaterused;ecologicalandenvironmentalwatershortage.Andthenproposedtheprinciplewhichtheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemandresearchfollowed,andhasanalyzedtheecologywaterdemandfromthehydrologyandtheecologytwoaspects,andmaketheelaborationofecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemandinfluencefactor.Thirdly,thischapterhasresearchedthecalculationalmethodsoftheecological-III-andenvironmentalwaterdemandfromfivepartswhichareriver,lake,Wetlandevergladeandcity.Andithasformedcomparativelyorbicularandsystemicmethodstocalculatetheenvironmentalwaterdemand.Fourthly,thischapterhasestablishedtheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterusedappraisaltarget,proposedtheecologicalandenvironmentalwaterusedearlywarningmechanism,andmaderespondstothewarning.Fifthly,basedonforegoingmethods,combiningtotheconnectconditionsofWuhancity,theecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemandofWuhanisresearchedbycombinedwiththeidiographicinstanceofhumidregion.IthascomparativelycalculatedandpredictedtheenvironmentalwaterdemandofWuhanindifferentyears.Anditcomparesthemwiththewaterdemandoflivesandproduction.Finally,ithascomprehensivesummarizingthecontentandappliedharvestofthisarticle.Theexistentproblemsandsomecontentsneededfurtherresearchofthisarticleareconcludedandprospectedbywriter.Keywords:ecologicalandenvironmentalwaterdemand;ecologicalandenvironmentalwaterused;WuhanCity;earlywarningmechanism-IV-目录摘要.........................................................................................................................IABSTRACT.................................................................................................................II引言.............................................................................................................................0第一章绪论.................................................................................................................11.1研究的背景和意义............................................................................................11.1.l流域生态环境和社会可持续发展