语言学认知语言学What-Is-Cognitive-Linguistics

LanguageandCognitionCognitiveLinguisticsWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970s.Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.MainPointsinCognitiveLinguisticsConstrualandConstrualOperationsCategorizationImageSchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlendingTheoryConstrualandConstrualOperations•Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregation,etc.•Attention/Salience•Judgment/Comparison•Perspective/SituatednessConstrualandConstrualOperations:Attention/SalienceTheoperationinsaliencehavetodowithourdirectionofattentiontowardssth.thatissalienttous.Incognition,wedirectourattentiontotheactivationofconceptualstructures.Weusecertainlinguisticexpressionstoprovokecertainpatternsofactivation.ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Judgment/ComparisonTheconstrualoperationsofjudgment/comparisonhavetodowithjudgingsth.bycomparingittosth.else.Thefigure-groundalignmentapplytospace,withthegroundastheprepositionalobjectandtheprepositionexpressingthespatialrelationalconfiguration.Staticanddynamicfigure/groundTrajectorforamovingfigureLandmarkforthegroundofamovingfigureCategorization•Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories.•Basiclevel•Super-ordinatelevel•SubordinatelevelMetaphor•Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstructedintermsofanother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.LakoffandJohnclassifyconceptualmetaphorsintothreecategoriesThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsOntologicalmetaphorsmeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.asentitiesandsubstances.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorStructuralmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsallowustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgiveusthepossibilitytostructureoneconceptaccordingtoanother.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsgiveaconceptaspatialorientationMetonymy•Metonymyisdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomain•TwoConceptualConfigurations–WholeICManditspart(s)–PartsofanICMMetonymy—WholeICManditspart(s)Thing-and-PartICMScaleICMConstitutionICMEventICMCategory-and-MemberICMCategory-and-PropertyICMReductionICMMetonymy—PartsofanICMActionICMPerceptionICMCausationICMProductionICMControlICMPossessionICMContainmentICMLocationICMSignandReferenceICMsModificationICMWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?BlendingTheoryFauconnierandTurnerproposeanddiscussblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”areintegratedviaprojectionintonew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.ConditionsareneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:Cross-SpaceMappingGenericSpaceBlendEmergentStructureWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemasImageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemasAcenter-peripheryschemaAcontainmentschemaAcycleschemaAforceschemaAlinkschemaApart-wholeschemaApathschemaAscaleschemaAverticalityschema类属空间输入空间1输入空间2合成空间施事经历者锋利的刀具工作场所程序（目标、方式）角色:外科医生(外科医生身份)角色:病人(病人身份)手术刀手术室目标:康复方式:手术角色:屠夫角色:商品(动物)屠刀屠宰场目标:切肉方式:屠宰外科医生身份病人身份切肉手术刀手术室目标：康复方式：屠宰不称职