Relativity -- The Special and General Theory

Relativity:TheSpecialandGeneralTheoryAlbertEinsteinAUTHOREinsteinAlbert,1879–1955.TranslatedbyRobertW.Lawson.PUBLISHEDNewYork:HenryHoltandCompany,1920.ON-LINEEDPublishedApril2000byBartleby.com.EDITORYangXiufeng,2008.11.Relativity:TheSpecialandGeneralTheoryiContentsPreface1PartITheSpecialTheoryofRelativity11.PhysicalMeaningofGeometricalPropositions..................................................................12.TheSystemofCo-ordinates................................................................................................23.SpaceandTimeinClassicalMechanics.............................................................................34.TheGalileianSystemofCo-ordinates................................................................................35.ThePrincipleofRelativity(IntheRestrictedSense)..........................................................46.TheTheoremoftheAdditionofVelocitiesEmployedinClassicalMechanics..................57.TheApparentIncompatibilityoftheLawofPropagationofLightwiththePrincipleofRelativity.........................................................................................................58.OntheIdeaofTimeinPhysics...........................................................................................69.TheRelativityofSimultaneity............................................................................................710.OntheRelativityoftheConceptionofDistance..............................................................911.TheLorentzTransformation..............................................................................................912.TheBehaviourofMeasuring-RodsandClocksinMotion.............................................1113.TheoremoftheAdditionofVelocities.TheExperimentofFizeau.................................1214.TheHeuristicValueoftheTheoryofRelativity.............................................................1315.GeneralResultsoftheTheory.........................................................................................1416.ExperienceandtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity............................................................1517.Minkowski’sFour-DimensionalSpace...........................................................................17PartIITheGeneralTheoryofRelativity1918.SpecialandGeneralPrincipleofRelativity....................................................................1919.TheGravitationalField...................................................................................................2020.TheEqualityofInertialandGravitationalMassasanArgumentfortheGeneralPostulateofRelativity.......................................................................................2121.InWhatRespectsAretheFoundationsofClassicalMechanicsandoftheSpecialTheoryofRelativityUnsatisfactory?................................................................2222.AFewInferencesfromtheGeneralTheoryofRelativity...............................................2323.BehaviourofClocksandMeasuringRodsonaRotatingBodyofReference................2424.EuclideanandNon-EuclideanContinuum......................................................................2625.GaussianCo-ordinates....................................................................................................2726.TheSpace-TimeContinuumoftheSpecialTheoryofRelativityConsideredasaEuclideanContinuum........................................................................................2827.TheSpace-TimeContinuumoftheGeneralTheoryofRelativityIsnotaEuclideanContinuum.........................................................................................................2928.ExactFormulationoftheGeneralPrincipleofRelativity...............................................3029.TheSolutionoftheProblemofGravitationontheBasisoftheGeneralPrincipleofRelativity...........................................................................................................31PartIIIConsiderationsontheUniverseasaWhole3330.CosmologicalDifficultiesofNewton’sTheory..............................................................3331.ThePossibilityofa“Finite”andYet“Unbounded”Universe........................................3332.TheStructureofSpaceAccordingtotheGeneralTheoryofRelativity..........................35Appendices37I.SimpleDerivationoftheLorentzTransformation.............................................................37II.Minkowski’sFour-DimensionalSpace(“World”)...........................................................39III.TheExperimentalConfirmationoftheGeneralTheoryofRelativity............................40MotionofthePerihelionofMercury..............................................................................40DeflectionofLightbyaGravitationalField...................................................................41DisplacementofSpectralLinestowardstheRed............................................................42IV.TheStructureofSpaceAccordingtotheGeneralTheoryofRelativity..........................43V.Relativitya