土力学(河海大学第二版)所有章节完整答案第一章土的物理性质指标与工程分类1-1解:(1)A试样100.083dmm300.317dmm600.928dmm60100.92811.180.083udCd22301060()0.3171.610.0830.928cdCdd(1)B试样100.0015dmm300.003dmm600.0066dmm60100.00664.40.0015udCd22301060()0.0030.910.00150.0066cdCdd1-2解:已知:m=15.3gSm=10.6gSG=2.70饱和rS=1又知:wSmmm15.3-10.6=4.7g(1)含水量wSmm=4.710.6=0.443=44.3%(2)孔隙比0.4432.71.201.0SreGS(3)孔隙率1.20.54554.5%111.2ee(4)饱和密度及其重度32.71.21.77/111.2SsatwGegcme31.771017.7/satsatgkNm(5)浮密度及其重度3'1.771.00.77/satwgcm3''0.77107.7/gkNm(6)干密度及其重度32.71.01.23/111.2SwdGgcme31.231012.3/ddgkNm1-3解:31.601.51/110.06dgcm2.701.01110.791.51sswddGe0.7929.3%2.70satseG1.60100150.91110.06smVmg(29.3%6%)150.935.2wsmmg1-4解:wSmmwSmmmsSmmm1000940110.06smmg0.160.16940150wsmmg1-5解:(1)31.771.61/110.098dgcmw02.71.01110.681.61sswddGe(2)00.6825.2%2.7satseG(3)max0maxmin0.940.680.540.940.46reeDee1/32/3rD该砂土层处于中密状态。1-6解:1.1SdGeSrGeS0.152.750.8250.5Ae0.062.680.5360.3Be32.751.50/10.825dAgcm32.681.74/10.536dBgcm(1)d3(1)1.50(10.15)1.74/AdAAgcm3(1)1.74(10.06)1.84/BdBBgcmAB上述叙述是错误的。2.32.751.50/10.825dAgcm32.681.74/10.536dBgcmdAdB上述叙述是错误的。3.0.152.750.8250.5Ae0.062.680.5360.3BeABee上述叙述是正确的。1-7证明:(1)/1/11sssssswdsVVsmmmVGVVVVVee1nen1()(1)111swswswGGGnnen(2)1/111swwVwswswssVsswwrsrwsVVsmVVVmmVVVVGSeGSemVVVVVeee(3)1'1111swsswsswsswswwswVsVsmmVmVVGGVVVVeeeV1-8解:(1)对A土进行分类①由粒径分布曲线图,查得粒径大于0.075㎜的粗粒含量大于50%,所以A土属于粗粒土;②粒径大于2㎜的砾粒含量小于50%,所以A土属于砂类,但小于0.075㎜的细粒含量为27%,在15%~50%之间,因而A土属于细粒土质砂;③由于A土的液限为16.0%,塑性指数16133pI,在17㎜塑性图上落在ML区,故A土最后定名为粉土质砂(SM)。(2)对B土进行分类①由粒径分布曲线图,查得粒径大于0.075㎜的粗粒含量大于50%,所以B土属于粗粒土;②粒径大于2㎜的砾粒含量小于50%,所以B土属于砂类,但小于0.075㎜的细粒含量为28%,在15%~50%之间,因而B土属于细粒土质砂;③由于B土的液限为24.0%,塑性指数241410pI,在17㎜塑性图上落在ML区,故B土最后定名为粉土质砂(SC)。(3)对C土进行分类①由粒径分布曲线图,查得粒径大于0.075㎜的粗粒含量大于50%,所以C土属于粗粒土;②粒径大于2㎜的砾粒含量大于50%,所以C土属于砾类土;③细粒含量为2%,少于5%,该土属砾;④从图中曲线查得10d,30d和60d分别为0.2㎜,0.45㎜和5.6㎜因此,土的不均匀系数60105.6280.2udCd土的曲率系数22301060()0.450.180.25.6cdCdd⑤由于5,1~3ucCC,所以C土属于级配不良砾(GP)。1-9解:(1)12ssmm即1122ddVV112211dVV22111(1)1.6520(112%)21.741.7dVV万方(2)1.6530004950sdmVt()4950(19%12%)346.5wsopmmt(3)2.721.01110.6481.65sswddGe20.0%95%2.7279.8%0.648srGSe第2章土体压力计算[2-1]如图所示为某地基剖面图,各土层的重度及地下水位如图,求土的自重应力和静孔隙水应力。解:各层面点自重应力计算如下:O点:kPacz02m2m3m1m1m地下水位γ=18.5kN/m3γ=18kN/m3γsat=20kN/m3γsat=19kN/m3γsat=19.5kN/m3OABCDEA点:kPahcz0.3725.1811B点:kPahhcz0.5511825.182211C点:kPahhhcz0.6511011825.18332211D点:kPahhhhcz0.923911011825.1844332211E点:kPahhhhhcz0.11125.93911011825.185544332211各层面点的静孔隙水应力如下:O、A、B点为0;E点:kPahww60)231(10绘图如下:0123456789100255075100125自重应力(kPa)深度(m)0123456780255075100125静孔隙水应力(kPa)深度(m)[2-2]某矩形基础,埋深1m,上部结构传至设计地面标高处的荷载为P=2106kN,荷载为单偏心,偏心距e=0.3。求基底中心点、边点A和B下4m深处的竖向附加应力解:已知:P=2106kN,γ0=17kN/m3,d=1m,e0=0.3,l=6m,b=3m,z=4m.(1)基底压力:∵G=γdlb=20×1×6×3=360kN,Fv=P+G=2106+360=2466kNmlmFPeev0.1626.024663.021060∴kPalelbFpkPalelbFpvv4.101)626.061(362466616.172)626.061(36246661minmax(2)基底附加应力:kPadppkPadpp4.841174.1016.1551176.1720minmin0maxmax(3)O、B点竖向附加应力:可认为仅由矩形均布荷载kPapppn12024.846.1552minmax36OABO、BA引起,附加应力系数及附加应力值见下表。A点竖向附加应力:可认为有矩形均布荷载pn和三角形荷载pt两部分引起,即:kPappn4.84minkPapppt2.714.846.155minmax附加应力系数及附加应力值见下表。附加应力计算表O点B点A点荷载型式矩形均布矩形均布矩形均布三角形分布l(m)3361.5b(m)1.531.56z(m)4444l/b2140.25z/b2.66671.3332.66670.6667Ks(查表2-2)0.08600.13770.10480.0735(查表2-3)σz计算式4Kspn2Kspn2Kspn2Kt2pt17.6910.47σz(kPa)41.2833.0528.16[2-3]甲乙两个基础,它们的尺寸和相对位置及每个基底下的基底净压力如图所示,求甲基础O点下2m处的竖向附加应力。解:甲基础O点下2m处的竖向附加应力由基础甲、乙共同引起,计算中先分别计算甲、乙基础在该点引起的竖向附加应力,然后叠加。(1)甲基础在O点下2m处引起的竖向附加应力:由于O点位于基础中心,荷载为梯形荷载,在O点的竖向附加应力和梯形荷载平均得的均布荷载相等,即可取pn=(100+200)/2=150kPa由图可知:l=1m,b=1m,z=2m故:l/b=1.0,z/b=2.0查表2-2的附加应力系数为:Ks=0.0840所以,基础甲在O点以下2m处引起的竖向附加应力为:kPapKnscz4.501500840.0441(2)乙基础在O点下2m处引起的竖向附加应力:pn=200kPazoahgzoaefzobcgzobdfz2附加应力计算如下表:计算区域lbzl/bz/bKsz=KspnOabcdefghobdf44210.50.231546.3obcg422210.199939.98oaef422210.199939.98oahg222110.175235.04zoahgzoaefzobcgzobdfz21.38(3)O点下2m处引起的竖向附加应力:kPazzz78.5138.14.5021[2-4]解:(1)kPahniiiczM861104191kPahniiiczN5.11135.81104191(2)求偏心距:5.383.3hvvFFxFmFFFFFxvhvhv605.25.3100035083.35.383.35.383.3所以,偏心距mbmxbe0.16395.0605.2262求基底压力:kPabebFppv8.1005.2326395.0616100061minmax求基底净压力:kPadpp5.1942195.2320maxmaxkPadpp8.622198.1000minmin求附加应力:kPappn8.62min;kPapppt7.1318.625.194minmax附加应力系数及附加应力计算表:M点N点条形均布荷载三角形荷载条形均布荷载三角形荷载x0606b6666z3366x/b0101z/b0.50.511Ksz(查表2-6)0.479--0.409--Ktz(查表2-7)--0.353--0.250nzszpK1(kPa)30.08--25.69--tztzpK2(kPa)--46.49--32.9321zzz(kPa)76.5758.62[2-5]题略解:(1)自重应力:kPahniiiczM335.