Stylistics(英语文体学)

TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.Keywords:Style(文体);stylistics(文体学)VarietyofEnglish(语体)Langue(语言)Parole(言语)Text(篇章)Discourse(/语篇/话语)Context(语境);register(语域)Occasion(场合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得体(性)II.Whatisstyle?styleasrhetoric—Gorgias（风格即修辞）;styleasform—Aristotle（风格即形式）;styleaseloquence—Cicero(风格即雄辩术);properwordsinproperplaces—Swift（在恰当的地方使用恰当的词）;II.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’estl’hommememe—Buffon（文如其人）;Lestyle,C’estajouteraunepenseedonneetouteslescirconstancespropreaproduiretoutl’effectqueproduirecettepensee.—Stendhal（赋予既定思想并适合产生出它应有效果的全部形式）;styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy—Murry（个人表达上的特点）;II.Whatisstyle?styleastechniqueofexposition—Murry(解说技巧);styleasthehighestachievementofliterature—Murry（文学的最高成就）;sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway—Enkvist（以最有效的方式讲恰当的事情）;II.Whatisstyle?styleasdeviation—Spitzer(对于常规的变异);styleastransformation—Ohmann（语言结构的转换）;styleasmeaningpotential—Halliday(风格即意义潜势);styleasexpressiveness—Ullman（认知意义的表达）。Languageisthedressofthought.—SamuelJohnson（语言就是思想的外衣）II.Whatisstyle?styleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpression—Enkvist（环绕已存在的思想感情或感情内核的外壳）;styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions—Enkvist（在不同表达方式中的选择）;styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics—Enkvist(集合特点的综合);II.Whatisstyle?styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestatableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentence—Enkvist（超出句子以外的语言单位之间的关系）;styleasequivalence—JakobsonandLeviStrauss（结构的对等）；styleasfunction—ThePragueSchoolapproach（风格即功能）;styleasforegrounding—Mukarovsky（风格即突出）;II.Whatisstyle?*Aninstrumentmadeofmetal,bone,etc.,havingoneendsharp-pointedforincisinglettersonawaxtablet,andtheotherflatandbroadforsmoothingthetabletanderasingwhatiswritten:=stylus(TheoxfordEnglishDictionary,NewEdition,1991)**A)Ageneralmannerofdoingsomethingwhichistypicalorrepresentativeofapersonorgroup,atimeinhistory,etc.B)Theparticularchoiceofwordsormannerofexpressionusedbyortypicalofawriterorspeaker(LONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMPORARYENGLISH,1998)III.Whatisstylistics?(1)Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage(TheFontanaDictionaryofModernThought,1977,2ndedn1988)III.WhatisStylistics?(2)Thestudyofstyle;…justasstylecanbeviewedinseveralways,sothereareseveraldifferentstylisticapproaches.Thisvarietyinstylisticsisduetothemaininfluencesoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Byfarthemostcommonkindofmaterialstudiedisliterary;andattentionislargelytext-centered….Thegoalofmoststylisticsisnotsimplytodescribetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshowtheirfunctionalsignificancefortheinterpretationofthetext;orinordertorelateliteraryeffectstolinguistic‘causes’wherethesearefelttoberelevant….Stylisticianswanttoavoidvagueandimpressionisticjudgmentsaboutthewaythatformalfeaturesaremanipulated.Asaresult,stylisticsdrawsonthemodelsandterminologyprovidedbywhateveraspectsoflinguisticsarefelttoberelevant.(Wales,1989:ADictionaryofStylistics)III.Whatisstylistics?(3)Abranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.Itstudiestheuseoflanguageinspecificcontextsandattemptstoaccountforthecharacteristicsthatmarkthelanguageuseofindividualsandsocialgroups.Commoncoresof“stylistics”Stylisticsisconcernedwiththeideaof‘style’,withtheanalysisofliterarytexts,andtheuseoflinguistics.‘Style’isusuallyunderstoodwithinthisareaofstudyastheselectionofcertainlinguisticformsorfeaturesoverotherpossibleones.Somekeyaspectsofstylisticsare*theuseoflinguistics(thestudyoflanguage)toapproachliterarytexts**thediscussionoftextsaccordingtoobjectivecriteriaratherthanaccordingpurelytosubjectiveandimpressionisticvalues***emphasisontheaestheticpropertiesoflanguage(forexample,thewayrhymecangivepleasure)III.TheNeedsforStylistics：(i)Styleisanintegralpartofmeaning.(ii)Stylisticsmayhelpustoacquirea“senseofstyle”(iii)Stylisticspreparesthewaytotheintrinsicstudyofliterature.Langue(语言)(LongmanDictionaryP382)TheFrenchwordfor“language”.ThetermwasusedbythelinguistSaussuretomeanthesystemofalanguage,thatisthearrangementofsoundsandwordswhichspeakersofalanguagehaveasharedknowledgeofor,asSaussuresaid,“agreetouse”.Langueisthe“ideal”formofalanguage.Saussurecalledtheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechorwriting“parole”.LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)AtermintroducedindeSaussure’sCoursdelinguistiquegénéraletodistinguishbetweenlanguage(Fr.Langue)asanabstractsystemofsignsandrules,andthespokenword(Fr.Parole)astheconcreterealizationoflanguageasitisused.Langueischaracterizedasastaticsystemofsymbolswithbroad(social)value,duetotheinvariantandfunctionalnatureofitselements.LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)Instancesofparolearebasedonthissystemoflangueandvaryaccordingtoregister,age,dialect,amongotherfactors.Thegoalofstructualistlinguisticsistoresearchthesystematicregularitiesoflangue(referredtocorpusinP106)usingdatafromparole,whileparoleitselfcanber