uncle toms cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋

Unit2RacialDiscriminationRelatedlegislationCasestudyUncleTom’sCabinConclusion&Enlightment1.UncleTom’scabinHarrietBeecherStowe(June14,1811–July1,1896)Author1.UncleTom’scabinWhendidMrs.StowewirtethebookIn1850,CongresspassedtheFugitiveSlaveLaw.OnMarch9,1850,StowewrotetotheeditorofNationalEraWhydidMrs.Stowewirtethebook“Ifeelnowthatthetimeiscomewhenevenawomanorachildwhocanspeakawordforfreedomandhumanityisboundtospeak...Ihopeeverywomanwhocanwritewillnotbesilent.”1.UncleTom’scabinWhatistheplotofthebookOnecauseArthurShelbyfacingthelossofhisfarmbecauseofdebt，sohehadtoselloutUncelTomandHarristoHeily.Twomainthreadsa.ElizatookhersontogethertoescapetoCanada,andfinallyimmigratedtoLibeliab.Tomwassold,firsttoClaire,thentoLegree,andwasbeatentodeathatlast.a.Eliza’sthrillingescapeMeetsupwithherhusbandGeorgeHarrisLokerandhismentrapElizaandherfamily,causingGeorgetopushLokerdownacliffObtainedtheirfreedomaftercrossingintoCanadaImmigatedtoFranceandeventuallyLiberiab.UncleTom’slongsuferinglifeWassoldtoSt.ClairesandlivewiththemfortwoyearsHadbeenauctionedtoLegreeRefusedtotellLegreeaboutCassy’sescapeLegreekilledUncleTomc.Blackslaves’miserablelives2.RelatedlegislationDuringAmerican’sInfancyAfterCivilWarConstitutionalConvention制宪会议THEUSConstitution第一条第二款众议院人数和直接税税额均应按本联邦所辖各州的人口比例分配于各州，各州人口数目指自由人总数加上所有其他人口的3/5。RepresentativesanddirecttaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion,accordingtotheirrespectivenumbers,whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingthewholenumberoffreepersons,includingthoseboundtoserviceforatermofyears,andexcludingIndiansnottaxed,three-fifthsofallotherpersons.THEUSConstitution第一条第九款现有任何一州认为应予接纳的人员移居或入境时，国会在1808年以前不得加以禁止；但对入境者可征收每人不超过10美元的税金或关税。根据人身保护令享有的特权，除非在发生叛乱或遭遇入侵，公共治安需要停止此项特权时，不得中止。Themigrationorimportationofsuchpersonsasanyofthestatesnowexistingshallthinkpropertoadmit，shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortotheyearonethousandeighthundredandeight，butataxordutymaybeimposedonsuchimportation，notexceedingtendollarsforeachperson.THEUSConstitution•第四条第二款凡根据一州之法律应在该州服兵役或服劳役者，逃往另一州时，不得根据逃往州的任何法律或规章解除该兵役或劳役，而应依照有权得到劳役或劳动的当事人的要求，将其交出。•Nopersonheldtoserviceorlaborinonestate，underthelawsthereof，escapingintoanother，shall，inconsequenceofanylaworregulationtherein，bedischargedfromsuchserviceorlaborbutshallbedelivereduponclaimofthepartytowhomsuchserviceorlabormaybedue.FugitiveSlaveAct1850逃亡奴隶法•奴隶主可以跨州追捕奴隶，并在州或联邦法院确定其所有权之前就把逃奴带回去。•Slaveownerscangoacrossstatestocaptureslaves,andbeforethestateorfederalcourtdetermineitsownershiptheycanbringbackfugitiveslave.EarlyLegislativeFeatures美国早期有关立法特征：法律形式上保障了奴隶制度的合法。奴隶制受到宪法承认，奴隶并不是法律意义上的美国公民，他们只是一种商品。宪法具有欺骗性，通篇法律我们都看不到“奴隶”2个字，但是无论是里面的“其他人口”还是“服劳役者”，无不指向奴隶。一方面，体现了美国制宪先贤集体的道德困扰，另一方面体现了他们的胆怯和妥协。宪法中涉及奴隶制的一系列妥协条款在很多问题上含糊不清、语焉不详的特点，一方面给了州立法很多处理空间，另一方面使后人陷入了难以解脱的宪法危机，为南北战争的爆发埋下了伏笔AmendmentstotheUSConstitution宪法修正案第13、14、15条第13条第1款在合众国境内或属合众国管辖的任何地方，不准有奴隶制或强制劳役存在，惟用于业经定罪的罪犯作为惩罚者不在此限。Neitherslaverynorinvoluntaryservitude,exceptasapunishmentforcrimewhereofthepartyshallhavebeendulyconvicted,shallexistwithintheUnitedStates,oranyplacesubjecttotheirjurisdiction..AmendmentstotheUSConstitution第14条第1款在合众国出生或归化于合众国并受合众国管辖的人，均为合众国和他所居住的州的公民。无论何州均不得制定或实施任何剥夺合众国公民的特权或豁免的法律；无论何州未经正当法律程序均不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；亦不得拒绝给予在其管辖下的任何人以同等的法律保护。AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates,andsubjecttothejurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside.NoStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates;norshallanyStatedepriveanypersonoflife,liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocessoflaw;nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelawsAmendmentstotheUSConstitution第15条第1款合众国或任何一州不得因种族、肤色或以前的奴隶身份而否认或剥夺合众国公民的选举权。TherightofcitizensoftheUnitedStatestovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanyStateonaccountofrace,color,orpreviousconditionofservitude.LegislativeFeatures南北战争后初期有关立法特征：法律用肯定明确的形式废除了奴隶制度，黑人正式在法律意义上成为了一个真正的美国公民受到法律保护法律上赋予了黑人和白人一样的平等保护权和选举权，黑人的政治权利获得法律保障形式上的平等掩盖了实质上的不平等，种族歧视依然盛行LegislativeFeaturesInreality:FromCivilWartoWorldWarⅡDuringthisperiod,theAfricanAmericanshadgotridofthestatusofslave,buttheystillsufferedalotfromracialsegregationassecond-classcitizenry.Part1.ThissectioncontainsReconstructionAmendmentsPart2.thecaseofPlessyv.Fergusonin1896.FromCivilWartoWorldWarⅡBackgroundinformationRepublicansinfavoroflimitingtheexpansionofslaveryelectedAbrahamLincolntoparticipateinthepresidentialelectionsof1860,whilethesouthernslavestatesdeclared:OnceLincolnwaselected,theywouldsecede.主张限制奴隶制扩张的共和党人推举亚伯拉罕•林肯参加1860年的总统选举，而南部蓄奴州声称：一旦林肯当选，他们就退出联邦。FromCivilWartoWorldWarⅡLincolnbecameU.S.president.InApril14th,theFederalArmycapturedFortSumter,theCivilWarbrokeout.Afterfouryearsofcivilwar,inApril1865withthevictoryofthenorth,botharmieswerekilledoversixhundredthousand.Inthereconstructionperiod,inordertoprotecttheoutcomeoftheCivilWar,theRepublicanhavesuccessfullypassedconstitutionalthirteenth,fourteenthandfifteenthamendmentsanditwascalledreconstructionamendment.•林肯就任美国总统。4月14日，南军攻占联邦的萨姆特炮台，内战