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Unite16Porcelain—CallingCardofChineseCulture•InEnglish,thecountryandporcelainsharethesamename--China.ThisprovesthatEuropeanshavelongknownofChina’srelationshiptoporcelain.PorcelainfounditswaytoEuropeinthe15thcentury,occupyinganimportantpositionintheexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountries.TheKeiselRandyMuseuminGermanyhousesablue-and-whitebowldatingbacktotheMingDynasty.Porcelaingarnered(收集)agoodreputationforChinaforitssophisticationandelegance,andplayedanimportantroleinthewaveoftheEuropeanidealizationofChinaduringthe17thand18thcenturies.Intherococo(洛可可式）stylepopularinEuropeofthattime,onecouldsense,fromtimetotime,theinfluenceofChinesevogue（时髦）representedbyChina'sstylesofporcelainandgardens.•PorcelainisofgreatsignificanceinthehistoryofChinesecivilization.Potterywasthepredecessor（前任）ofporcelain,whileglazed（上釉的）potterywasthebasisfortheemergenceofporcelain.Aroundthefirstcentury,porcelainproductionfirstemergedinChina,andbytheSongDynastyithadbecomemature.Song-Dynastyporcelainrepresentedtheacme（顶峰）ofChineseporcelaintechnique.Fivefamouskilns（窑）,theJun,Ding,Guan,GeandRu,wereallcreativeandoriginalintheirrespectiveproducts,andtheirporcelainwarehasbeenintimatedbylatergenerationsthroughtouttheages.IntheYuanDynasty,JingdezhenbecamethecenteroftheChineseporcelainindustry.•Chineseporcelainischerishedforitsserene（宁静的）color,crystalpaste,gracefuldesigns,andingeniousforms--aquestofgenerationsofcraftspeople.Bronzeware,potteryandporcelainareallpopularwiththeChinesepeople,thoughtheirstylesvarywidely.Potteryissimpleandunsophisiticated,whilebronzewaresuggestssolemnity（庄严）,butporcelainisthemostexquisiteandelegant.•PorcelaincanberegardedasthecallingcardofChineseculture.Thiscallingcardrepresentsthecrystallization（结晶）ofChinesecultureandtheembodimentoftheaestheticandpursuitsoftheChinesepeople.Nature'sCraft•AnyonefamiliarwithChineseporcelainknowsthatthesurfaceofsomeporcelainwareiscoveredwithirregularcracks.Thecracksoccurredduringkilningduetoflawedworkmanship,butastimewentoncracklewarebecameacraze（时尚）duringtheSongDynasty,andwaspasseddowntotoday.CracklewaretodayisoneofthetypicalChineseporcelainstyles.•Chinesepeoplelovecracklewarebecausetheylovenature'suniquecraft.Porcelainisanartificialart,butwhatitmostdefinesisnothingmorethanartificiality.Anyman-madecrackleswouldbemechanicalandunnaturalandbetrayacertainartifice（欺骗）,definitelynomatchfornaturallycraftedcrackles.哥窑鱼耳炉元•TheTaipeiPalaceMuseumhasapieceofcracklewareproducedintheGeKilnoftheYuanDynasty.•Itisanincense（香）burnerwithfish-shapedhandles.Thinandfinecracklesonthecream-coloredglazeareevocativeofatreeleaf,witharteriesandveinsstretching,intertwinedfreelyandvibrantlyinit.PureBlue-and-whitePorcelain•Blue-and-whiteporcelainisatypicalartifactofporcelaininChina.AmongtheporcelainexportedduringtheMingandQingDynasties,80percentwasblue-and-white.Chinese-madeblue-and-whiteporcelainwareemergedlongbeforetheTangDynasty,butitwasnotuntiltheYuanDynastythatthistypeofporcelaincametobeproducedinquantity,withtheattendantmasterpieces.TheMingDynastywitnessedthematurityoftheart,andalargenumberofvaluablepieceswereproducedinthisperiod.Jingdezhen,asmalltownthatcreatedtheenchantingblue-and-whiteporcelainoftheYuanDynasty,becameitsporcelain-producingcenter;andinthesubsequentMingDynasty,theimperialkilnswereestablishedhere.Blue-and-whiteporcelainisnowthemostrepresentativeofChineseporcelain.Toproduceblue-and-whiteporcelain,cobalt（钴）oxide（氧化物）isrequisite.itisemployedtodrawonthewhiteroughcast（毛坯）beforeglazeisapplied.Afteringkilningatahightemperature,theroughcastturnsintoblue-and-whiteporcelain,sincecobaltoxideturnsbluewithheat.Thewhitesurfacewithbluepatternsandashinysheen（光泽）ofgrazeproducesapure,elegantandtransparenteffect.IntheTaipei“PalaceMuseum”,thereisabowlwithbranch-and-flowerpattern,producedintheXuandereign(1426-1435)oftheMingDynasty.Itsshapedemonstratesaprimitivesimplicity,whileitsfinetextureiswhitewithatouchofblue.Inawell-balancedcomposition,theflowersarevividlydrawnwithsoftandserenelines,whiletheblueintermingles(混合)withthewhite,producingaharmonious,effervescent(欢腾的)effect.把莲花卉四季纹盘明宣德Platewithflowers-of-four-seasonsdesign,Xuandereign,MingDynasty•TheTaipei“PalaceMuseum”housesanotherpieceofblue-and-whiteporcelainware—aplatewithaflowers-of-four-seasonsdesign,alsomadeintheXuandereignoftheMingDynasty.Theinterioroftheplatefeathers13flowers,includingchrysanthemum,lotus,gardenia(栀子花),pomegranate(石榴),Chineseherbaceous(草本的)peony,hibiscus(木槿),andcamellia;whileitsexteriorisdecoratedwithseveralflowers.Inthecenteroftheplatesitsthelotus—thedivineflowerofBuddhismandcommonlyusedmotif(主题)inChineseporcelain.Thewhiteplatelookscrystalclear,andalthoughthedesignsarecomplicated,thepurewhitecolorandthegracefulbluematcheachother,toproduceanelegant,sophisticatedeffect.•Blue-and-whiteporcelainoccupiesaprominentpositionintheChineseporcelainindustry,foritaccordswellwiththecultureandaestheticspiritChinesepeoplehavelongpursued—ofsimplicity,unaffectednessandease.•Chinesepeoplebelievethatultimatebeautyissimpleandnatural;anythingthatisaffectedandover-polish