Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizing

Quoting,Paraphrasing,andSummarizingThishandoutisintendedtohelpyoubecomemorecomfortablewiththeusesofanddistinctionsamongquotations,paraphrases,andsummaries.Thishandoutcomparesandcontraststhethreeterms,givessomepointers,andincludesashortexcerptthatyoucanusetopracticetheseskills.Whatarethedifferencesamongquoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing?Thesethreewaysofincorporatingotherwriters'workintoyourownwritingdifferaccordingtotheclosenessofyourwritingtothesourcewriting.Quotationsmustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.Paraphrasinginvolvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.Summarizinginvolvesputtingthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.Whyusequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries?Quotations,paraphrases,andsummariesservemanypurposes.Youmightusethemto...ProvidesupportforclaimsoraddcredibilitytoyourwritingRefertoworkthatleadsuptotheworkyouarenowdoingGiveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubjectCallattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewithHighlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginalDistanceyourselffromtheoriginalbyquotingitinordertocuereadersthatthewordsarenotyourownExpandthebreadthordepthofyourwritingWritersfrequentlyintertwinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrasesasinthefollowingexample:InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsaretheroyalroadtotheunconscious(page#),expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthedream-work(page#).AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself(page#).Howtousequotations,paraphrases,andsummariesPracticesummarizingtheessaybelow,usingparaphrasesandquotationsasyougo.Itmightbehelpfultofollowthesesteps:Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaoftheessayis.Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupintheessay.Consideranywords,phrases,orbriefpassagesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.Thereareseveralwaystointegratequotationsintoyourtext.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;besurethatyouhaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotationwhenyoudecidetodoso.Thefollowingisasampleessayyoucanpracticequoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing.Examplesofeachtaskareprovidedattheendoftheessayforfurtherreference.HereisthecitationforSipher'sessay:Sipher,Roger.“SoThatNobodyHastoGotoSchoolIfTheyDon'tWantTo.”TheNewYorkTimes.19December1977.Page31.Print.SoThatNobodyHasToGoToSchoolIfTheyDon'tWantTobyRogerSipherAdeclineinstandardizedtestscoresisbutthemostrecentindicatorthatAmericaneducationisintrouble.Onereasonforthecrisisisthatpresentmandatory-attendancelawsforcemanytoattendschoolwhohavenowishtobethere.SuchchildrenhavelittledesiretolearnandaresoantagonistictoschoolthatneithertheynormorehighlymotivatedstudentsreceivethequalityeducationthatisthebirthrightofeveryAmerican.Thesolutiontothisproblemissimple:Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend.Thiswillnotendpubliceducation.Contrarytoconventionalbelief,legislatorsenactedcompulsory-attendancelawstolegalizewhatalreadyexisted.WilliamLandesandLewisSolomon,economists,foundlittleevidencethatmandatory-attendancelawsincreasedthenumberofchildreninschool.Theyfound,too,thatschoolsystemshavenevereffectivelyenforcedsuchlaws,usuallybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.Thereisnocontradictionbetweentheassertionthatcompulsoryattendancehashadlittleeffectonthenumberofchildrenattendingschoolandtheargumentthatrepealwouldbeapositivesteptowardimprovingeducation.Mostparentswantahighschooleducationfortheirchildren.Unfortunately,compulsoryattendancehamperstheabilityofpublicschoolofficialstoenforcelegitimateeducationalanddisciplinarypoliciesandtherebymaketheeducationagoodone.Privateschoolshavenosuchproblem.Theycanfailordismissstudents,knowingsuchstudentscanattendpublicschool.Withoutcompulsoryattendance,publicschoolswouldbefreertoouststudentswhoseacademicorpersonalbehaviorunderminestheeducationalmissionoftheinstitution.Hasnotthenobleexperimentofaformaleducationforeveryonefailed?Whilewepayhomagetothehomily,Youcanleadahorsetowaterbutyoucan'tmakehimdrink,wehavepretendeditisnottrueineducation.Askhighschoolteachersifrecalcitrantstudentslearnanythingofvalue.Askteachersifthesestudentsd