APA与MLA格式区别解析

MLAvs.APAWhichshouldyouuse?Askeachofyourteacherswhichstyletheywantyoutouse.Iftheyhavenopreference,youcanuseanyorfollowtheseguidelines：APA:psychology,education,andothersocialsciences.MLA:literature,arts,andhumanities.Chicago:usedwithallsubjectsintherealworldbybooks,magazines,newspapers,andothernon-scholarlypublications.MLA&APAI.ParentheticalCitationAuthor’sNameintheTextMLAStyleAccordingtoJones,“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(199).Jonesfound“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(199).Youonlyneedtoindicatepagenumbers,sincetheauthor'snameappearsinthetext.APAStyleAccordingtoJones(1998),“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(p.199).Jones(1998)found“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(p.199).Dateofpublicationisplacedafterauthor’sname.MLA&APAMLAstyleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen178-85).Author'snameandpagenumbersareplacedattheendoftheattributedtext.APAstyleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen,1994).如果没有引述具体观点，APA可以省略页码。Author’snameandpublicationdate(separatedbyacomma)areplacedattheendoftheattributedtext.Omityearfromsubsequentcitationsafterfirstcitationwithinparagraph.MLA&APAAuthors’NamesintheTextMLAStyle(2or3authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Amongintentionalspoonerisms,the“punlikemetathesisofdistinctivefeaturesmayservetoweldtogetherwordsetymologicallyunrelatedbutcloseintheirsoundandmeaning”(JakobsonandWaugh304).如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton,Davies,andRice56)Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,Smith135).MLAStyle(4ormoreauthors)Thestudywasextendedfortwoyears,andonlyafterresultswerereviewedbyanindependentpaneldidtheresearcherspublishtheirfindings(Blaineetal.35).APAStyle(2authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(1978,pp.210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reportsthepoorperformanceofadvancedEnglishlearnerswhocoulduseEnglisharticlescorrectlyonlyin70percentofthecases.APAStyle(3to5authors)第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用：Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).APAStyle(6ormoreauthors)PatternsofByzantineintriguehavelongplaguedtheinternalpoliticsofcommunitycollegeadministrationinTexas(Douglasetal.,2003,p.xxx)MLA不使用“&”APA不使用“and”。MLA&APAAuthor’sNameNotintheTextMLAstyleOthersholdtheoppositepointofview(e.g.,JakobsonandWaugh210-15).MonasteriesinmedievalEuropewerenotshortofspeculationsaboutGreekinventions(Marcuse190-203).APAstyleOthersholdtheoppositepointofview(Jakobson&Waugh,1978).EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988,p.11).MLA&APACitingTwoorMoreWorksbytheSameAuthororAuthorsMLAStyle引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。书名用下划线，文章用引号。Shakespeare’sKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,Anatomy237).Computersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(Lightenor,“TooSoon”38),thoughhehasacknowledgedthatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopment(Lightenor,“Hand-EyeDevelopment”17).Thebooktitle(underlined)orjournalarticle(inquotes)isprovided.Ifthereisnoauthor,thenonlythebooktitlejournalarticlewouldappear,forexample,(Anatomy,237).APAStyle按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang,1997)，(Zhang,1999)，(Zhang,2004)。同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang,1997,1999,2004)。同年发表的多个文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别，正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母，如：(Bloom,2003a,2003b)。Shakespeare’sKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,1982,p.237).Citingindirectsource论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondarysource），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primarysource）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出。MLASamuelJohnsonadmittedthatEdmundBurkewasan“extraordinaryman”(qtd.inBoswell450).注意：“qtd.in”中的字母“i”不得大写。APA：Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski&Degelman,1996”）。MLA&APABibliographyEntriesBooksofaSingleAuthorMLAStyleFrye,Northrop.AnatomyofCriticism:FourEssays.Princeton:PrincetonUP,1957.APAStyleFrye,N.(1957).Anatomyofcriticism:Fouressays.Princeton:PrincetonUP.DoublespaceisrequiredfortheAPAformat.MLA&APABooksofMulti-AuthorsMLAStyleBondanella,Peter,andJuliaConawayBondanella,eds.DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood,1979.APAStyleBondanella,P.,&Bondanella,J.C.(1979).DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood.SelectionfromaneditedbookMLAStyleGlover,David.“TheStuffThatDreamsAreMadeOf:Masculinity,Femininity,andtheThriller.”Gender,GenreandNarrativePleasure.Ed.DerekLonghurst.London:UnwinHyman,1989.67-83.APAStyleWilson,S.F.(1990).Communitysupportandintegration:Newdirectionsforoutcomeresearch.InS.Rose(Ed.),Casemanagement:Anoverviewandassessment(pp.13-42).WhitePla