同义转换技巧-paraphrasing-skills

PARAPHRASINGversusPLAGIARISMResearchSkillsUsingInformationWhatdoIknowaboutparaphrasing?•DoIknowwhatitis?•DoIknowhowtodoit?•HowhaveIparaphrased?So,howdoIfeelaboutmyabilitytoparaphrase?WhatstrategiesshouldIusetopulloutandkeeptrackofpiecesofinformation?KeepwellorganizedsuccinctnoteswritteninownwordsWhatisthedifferencebetween….SUMMARIZINGSummarizinginvolvesputtingthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.summarize=makenotesPARAPHRASINGParaphrasinginvolvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.paraphrase=synthesisWhatisthedifferencebetween…QUOTATIONQuotationsmustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.PLAGIARISMPlagiarismisusingsomeoneelse’sideasandwritingsandpresentingthemasyourown.Plagiarism=Theft/LyingSo,whydoweusequotations,paraphrasesandsummaries?•Providesupportforclaimsoraddtruthtoyourwriting•Giveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubject•Callattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewith•Highlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginal[HOOK]•Expandthebreadthordepthofyourwriting[providingconcretedetail]Advancedwriters…oftencombinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrases.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;youmusthaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotation.Let’slookatanexample.InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsaretheroyalroadtotheunconscious(page#),expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthedream-work(page#).AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself(page#).9HowdoImakenotes?•Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.•Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaofthetextis.•Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupinthetext.•Consideranywords,phrases,orbriefpassagesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.HowdoIparaphrase(Noodletools)?6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasingHowdoIparaphrase(Noodletools)?6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasing1.Rereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning.DonotpastethewholearticleintoNoodletools.2.Settheoriginalaside,andwriteyourparaphraseonanotecard.3.Jotdownafewwordsbelowyourparaphrasetoremindyoulaterhowyouenvisionusingthismaterial.Atthetopofthenotecard,writeakeywordorphrasetoindicatethesubjectofyourparaphrase.4.Checkyourversionwiththeoriginaltomakesurethatyourversionaccuratelyexpressesalltheessentialinformationinanewform.5.Usequotationmarkstoidentifyanyuniquetermorphraseologyyouhaveborrowedexactlyfromthesource.6.Recordthesource(includingthepage)onyournotecardsothatyoucancredititeasilyifyoudecidetoincorporatethematerialintoyourpaper.Let’sreadthisoriginaltext.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.14Let’ssummarizethisoriginaltext.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.SUMMARYFindthemainideaandkeypoints.Studentsshouldtakejustafewnotesindirectquotationfromsourcestohelpminimizetheamountofquotedmaterialinaresearchpaper(Lester46-47).Let’sparaphrasethisoriginaltext.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.PARAPHRASEFindthesupportingdetailsandputtheminyourownwords.Identifytechnicallanguagewhichcannotbeparaphrased.Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatim(Lester46-47).Ifwehadplagiarized,thisiswhatitwouldlooklike.Studentsoftenusetoomanydir