Six Sigma For Everyone（PDF 144）

PraiseforGeorgeEckesandSixSigmaforEveryone“Longnotedforhisabilitytosimplifycomplexsubjectsandeffectivelymoveleadersandteamstoaction,Georgeconnectsthedotsinthisnewbook.Itisthe‘helpdeskreferencemanual’toanswerquestionsandlightthepathwithadviceonwhatneedstobedoneforeffectiveSixSigmaimplementationandwhatshouldbeavoided.Withoutexception,thisbookshouldbewithinarmsreachofanyoneworkinginaSixSigmaenvironment.Georgesummarizeshispracticalexperienceandadviceonstrategy,tactics,andthecriticalculturalacceptancedimensionhepioneered.Thisbookiswrittenforthe‘doers’inanyposition,functionororganizationseriousaboutsuccess.”JayWilliamson,CorporateDirectorofQuality,MolexIncorporatedSIXSIGMAFOREVERYONEGEORGEECKESJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Copyright©2003byGeorgeEckes.Allrightsreserved.PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax[phone],orontheWebat(201)748-6011,fax[phone],e-mail:[e-mail]/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Thepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices,andyoushouldconsultaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicespleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourWebsiteat–Sixsigmaforeveryone/GeorgeEckes.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-471-28156-5(PAPER:alk.paper)1.Qualitycontrol—Statisticalmethods.2.Productionmanagement—Statisticalmethods.I.Title.TS156.E2832003658.5′62—dc212002014909PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.10987654321Tothosewhodesiretobetterthemselves.viiPrefaceSixSigmahasbeenapopularmanagementphilosophyforyears.MotorolafirstmadeSixSigmapopularinthe1980s.AlliedSignalembraceditintheearly1990sandthenGeneralElectricmadeitthemostpopularmanagementphilosophyinhistory.Likeanythingthatbecomespopular,misconceptionsaboundrelativetohowtoimplementSixSigma.Particularlysincethismanagementphilosophyisbasedonfactsanddatabeingusedtomakedecisionsintheorganization,ahostofstatisticianshavede-velopednewcareersteachingandconsultinginthisdiscipline.However,moststatisticiansareskilledinthetheoryofSixSigma.TomakeSixSigmaasuccessinyourorganization,itmustaffecteveryoneintheorganization.Thus,thetitleofournewbookSixSigmaforEveryone.EveryoneinanorganizationmustbeinvolvedandaffectedbySixSigma,regardlessoftheirpositionintheorganization.UnliketheapproachesmanytakethatimplySixSigmaissomemysticsetofskillsavailableonlytothosewithadvancedcollegedegrees,SixSigmamustbeavailabletoeveryoneintheorganization,wherecertainskillsarepracticedbyall.Thus,thefocusofthisbookistodemysticizethiscuttingedgemanagementphilosophy.Atitsfoundation,SixSigmaisteachingeveryoneintheorganizationtobecomemoreeffectiveandefficient.Unfortunately,mostorganizationsarehighlyineffectiveandineffi-cient.Thismeanstheyhaveunhappycustomersandwasteconsid-erablemoneybecausetheirprocessesdonotrunatoptimum.ThepathtobecomingmoreeffectiveandefficientusingSixSigmacontainsthreecomponents.ThefirstcomponentdealswiththestrategyofSixSigma.ThestrategyofSixSigmaiscalledBusi-nessProcessManagement.Thisstrategiccomponentistherespon-sibilityofexecutivemanagement.Thus,ifyouhearyourcompanyviiiPREFACEhasembracedSixSigmaitmaybeseveralmonthsbeforeyouseetheresultsofyourmanagement’sinitialwork.TohaveyoubecomeacquaintedwithwhatyourmanagementhasdonetocreatetheBusinessProcessManagementsystem,wereviewthekeyele-mentsofBusinessProcessManagementandshareanexamplewithyouinChapter2.ThesecondcomponentofSixSigmadealswiththetacticsofhowprojectteamsimproveabrokenprocess.Itutilizesamethod-ologysimilartothescientificmethodyoulearnedinschool.Thescientificmeth