电子商务和供应链管理

©2007Wiley1Chapter4–E-CommerceandSupplyChainManagement第4章電子商務和供應鏈管理OperationsManagementbyR.DanReid&NadaR.Sanders3rdEdition©Wiley2005PowerPointPresentationbyR.B.Clough–UNHM.E.Henrie-UAA©2007Wiley2LearningObjectives學習目標Describethestructureofsupplychains說明供應鏈的架構Describethebullwhipeffect說明長鞭效應Describetheissuesaffectingsupplychainmanagement說明影響供應鏈管理的議題DescribeB2BandB2Celectroniccommerce說明B2B和B2C電子商務Describeglobalissuesinsupplychainmanagement說明在供應鏈管理的全球議題©2007Wiley3LearningObjectives(continued)Describetheroleofpurchasinginsupplychainmanagement說明在供應鏈管理中採購的角色Describetheethicsofsuppliermanagement說明供應商管理的道德Describesourcingissues說明商源議題Describestrategicpurchasingpartnerships說明策略採購夥伴Describesupplychaindistribution說明供應鏈分佈©2007Wiley4LearningObjectives(continued)Describeintegratedsupplychainmanagement說明整合供應鏈管理Describesupplychainperformancemeasures說明供應鏈績效衡量Describetrendsinsupplychainmanagement說明供應鏈管理趨勢©2007Wiley5SupplyChains&SCM供應鏈和供應鏈管理Asupplychainisthenetworkofalltheactivitiesinvolvedindeliveringafinishedproduct/servicetothecustomer供應鏈是將已完成的產品/服務遞送到顧客得所有活動的網路Sourcingof:rawmaterials,assembly,warehousing,orderentry,distribution,delivery商源:原材料、組裝件、倉儲、訂單項目、分佈、遞送SupplyChainManagementisthevitalbusinessfunctionthatcoordinatesallofthenetworklinks供應鏈管理是協調所有網路連結的關鍵企業功能Coordinatesmovementofgoodsthroughsupplychainfromsupplierstomanufacturerstodistributors協調透過供應鏈從供應者到製造者到批發商的物品移動Promotesinformationsharingalongchainlikeforecasts,salesdata,&promotions促進延著供應鏈中如預測、銷售資料、和促銷等資訊分享©2007Wiley6ComponentsofaSupplyChain供應鏈的元素ExternalSuppliers–sourceofrawmaterial外部供應商—原料的來源Tieronesuppliersuppliesdirectlytotheprocessor第一層供應商直接供應給製造者Tiertwosuppliersuppliesdirectlytotierone第二層供應商直接供應給第一層供應商Tierthreesuppliersuppliesdirectlytotiertwo第三層供應商直接供應給第二層供應商InternalFunctionsinclude–processingfunctions內部功能包括—處理製造功能Processing,purchasing,planning,quality,shipping處理製造、採購、規劃、品質、運輸ExternalDistributorstransportfinishedproductstoappropriatelocations外部經銷商運送已完成產品到適當的地點Logisticsmanagersareresponsiblefortrafficmanagementanddistributionmanagement後勤經理負責運輸管理和通路管理©2007Wiley7SupplyChainIllustration©2007Wiley8ComponentsofaSupplyChain供應鏈的元素ExternalDistributorstransportfinishedproductstoappropriatelocations外部經銷商運送已完成產品到適當的地點Logisticsmanagersareresponsibleformanagingthemovementofproductsbetweenlocations.Includes;後勤經理負責產品和地點之間貨物移動管理trafficmanagement–arrangingthemethodofshipmentforbothincomingandoutgoingproductsormaterial運輸管理—安排將材料運入或產品運出的運送方法distributionmanagement–movementofmaterialfrommanufacturertothecustomer通路管理—從製造者到消費者間的貨品移動©2007Wiley9ABasicSupplyChain一個基本供應鏈©2007Wiley10TheBullwhipEffect長鞭效應Bullwhipeffect-theinaccurateordistorteddemandinformationcreatedinthesupplychain長鞭效應—供應鏈中所創造出來的不正確或扭曲的需求資訊Causesaregeneratedby:產生原因為：demandforecastingupdating,需求預測更新orderbatching,訂單整批作業pricefluctuations,價格變動rationingand配額供應(當需求大於供給時)和gaming賭注(因配額所造成浮報需求)©2007Wiley11TheBullwhipEffect牛鞭效應CounteractingtheEffect:反制效應Changethewaysuppliersforecastproductdemandbymakingthisinformationavailableatalllevelsofthesupplychain以供應鏈各階層都可獲得需求資訊取代供應者預測產品需求Sharerealdemandinformation(POSterminals)分享實際需求資訊(銷售點終端機)(POS,pointonsale)Eliminateorderbatching消除訂單整批作業Stabilizepricing穩定價格Eliminategaming消除賭注(依據過去銷售記錄決定配額數量)©2007Wiley12IssuesAffectingSupplyChainManagement影響供應鏈管理的議題Informationtechnology–enablersincludetheInternet,Web,EDI,intranetsandextranets,barcodescanners,andpoint-of-salesdemandinformation資訊科技—賦予能力者包括網際網路、網路、EDI(電子資料交換)、內部網路和外部網路、讀條碼機、銷售點需求資訊E-commerceande-business–usesinternetandwebtotransactbusiness電子商務和電子化企業—使用網際網路和網路執行企業交易©2007Wiley13TypesofE-Commerce電子商務種類E-commerceisdefinedastheuseoftheInternetandtheWebtotransactbusiness電子商務的定義是使用網際網路和網路執行企業交易Twotypesofe-commerceare電子商務兩種類型Business-to-business(B2B)and企業對企業Business-to-consumer(B2C)企業對消費者©2007Wiley14TypesofE-Commerce電子商務的類型Business-to-Business(B2B)Evolution:B2B的演進Automatedorderentrysystemsstartedin1970’s起始於1970年代的自動化訂單輸入系統ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)startedinthe1970’s起始於1970年代的電子資料交換ElectronicStorefrontsemergedinthe1990’s1990年代電子商店NetMarketplacesemergedinthelate1990’s1990年代網路市場BenefitsofB2BE-CommerceB2B電子商務的好處Lowerprocurementadministrativecosts,減低採購管理成本Low-costaccesstoglobalsuppliers低成本接觸全球供應商Lowerinventoryinvestmentduetopricetransparency/reducedresponsetime由於價格透明/回應時間縮短而導致低存貨投資Betterproductqualitybecauseofincreasedcooperationbetweenbuyersandsellers,especiallyduringtheproductdesignanddevelopment因為購買者和銷售者漸增的合作尤其在產品設計和開發階段，提供更家產品品質©2007Wiley15TypesofE-Commerce電子商務的類型Business-to-Consumer(B2C):企業對個人On-linebusinessestrytoreachindividualconsumers線上企業嘗試可以到達個人消費者B2CrevenuemodelsourcesB2C獲利模式來源Advertising–Websiteoffersprovidersandopportunitytoadvertise廣告—網站給予提供者和廣告機會Subscription–Websitechargesasubscriptionfeeforaccesstothesite訂閱—網站收取進入網站者訂閱費Transaction–companyreceivesafeeforexecutingatransaction交易—每執行一筆交易公司收取一比費用Sales–ameansofsellinggoods,information,orservicedirectlytocustomers銷售—直接販賣物品、資訊、或服務給消費者Affiliate–companiesreceiveareferralfeefordirectingbus