Lesson_9__Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Main_Engine

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动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentWuhanInstituteofShipbuildingTechnologyPowerEngineeringDepartmentLuobin动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentLesson9OperationandMaintenanceofMainEngine第9课主机的操作与维护动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartmentOperatingProcedures操作程序动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Medium-speedandslow-speeddieselengineswillfollowafairlysimilarprocedureforstartingandmanoeuvring.•中、低速柴油机的起动和操作的程序完全相似。•Wherereversinggearboxes(换向齿轮箱)orcontrollable-pitchpropellers(变距桨)areusedthenenginereversingisnotnecessary.•当采用换向齿轮箱或变距桨时主机换向就不必要。•变距桨:CPP(controllablepitchpropeller)VPP(variablepitchpropeller)•定距桨:FPP(fixedpitchpropeller)动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment船舶换向方法•1)直接换向:主机曲轴经轴系直接与螺旋桨相联,通过主机本身换向改变曲轴转向,使螺旋桨轴向推力向后或向前。大、中型船舶广泛采用这种换向方法。•2)间接换向:主机曲轴转向不变,通过主机与螺旋桨之间特设的换向装置(船用齿轮箱),操纵螺旋桨正转或反转,使船舶前进或后退。一般用于小型船舶。•3)“Z”型推进装置换向:它又称为悬挂式螺旋桨装置,主机曲轴转向不变,船舶需要换向时,只要由驾驶通过传动装置使蜗杆11转动,便能通过蜗轮10带动尾管连同螺旋桨7一起作水平回转,螺旋桨的推力方向可随意选定,螺旋桨可在绕垂直轴360°范围内任意定位,将螺旋桨回转180°即为船舶倒航位置。“Z”型换向装置操纵灵活,回转性能好,还能省去舵设备,便于实现驾机合一,轴系和螺旋桨不必进坞拆装修理,可缩短修期,但其结构较为复杂。多用在换向较频繁的港口作业船和拖轮上。•4)可调距螺旋桨装置:其桨叶螺旋面与桨毂可作相对转动,通过转动桨叶来达到改变螺距的目的。其主机的曲轴转向不变,由驾驶台通过操纵装置(机械或液压式)改变桨叶的螺距角。螺距越大,在相同转速下推力越大,转矩也越大;当螺距为0时,螺旋桨转动时不产生推力;当螺距为负值时,船舶即能倒退。•可调距桨对船舶航行条件的适应性强,机动性高,动力装置经济性好。但构造较复杂,制造工艺要求高。适用于运行工况较多,机动性要求较高的船舶。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Ageneralprocedureisnowgivenforengineoperationwhichdetails(详述)themainpoints(要点)intheircorrectsequence(顺序).•如下给出的为主机操作的一般程序,它详述了(主机)正确(操作)顺序的要点。•Whereamanufacturer‘sinstructionbook(说明书)isavailable(能得到的)thisshouldbeconsulted(参照)andused.•当厂家的说明书能得到时,应参照并使用该说明书。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•1.Beforealargedieselisstarteditmustbewarmed(vt.暖机)throughbycirculatinghotwaterthroughthejackets(缸套),etc.Thiswillenablethevariousenginepartstoexpandinrelationto(与…相比)oneanother•1.在大型主机起动前,应利用经过缸套循环的热水对主机进行暖机,以使主机各部分相对膨胀。Preparationsforstandby(备车)动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•2.Thevarioussupplytanks(补给柜),filters(过滤器),valves(阀)anddrains(放残)arealltobechecked.•2.检查各补给柜、过滤器、阀件,并放残。•3.Thelubricatingoilpumps(滑油泵)andcirculatingwaterpumps(循环水泵)arestartedandallthevisible(看得见的)returns(回流)shouldbeobserved(察看).•3.起动滑油泵、循环水泵,并察看看得见的回流(情况)。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•4.Allcontrolequipment(控制设备)andalarmsshouldbeexaminedforcorrectoperation.•4.检查所有控制设备和报警装置是否工作正常。•5.Theindicatorcocks(示功器旋塞,示功考克)areopened,theturninggear(盘车机)engaged(啮合,合上)andtheengineturnedthroughseveralcompleterevolutions(整转).Inthiswayanywaterwhichmayhavecollectedinthecylinderswillbeforcedout(排出).•5.打开示功器旋塞,合上盘车机,转动主机几个整转。用这种方式,可能汇集在气缸中的所有水将会被排出。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•6.Thefueloilsystem(燃油系统)ischeckedandcirculatedwithhotoil.•6检查燃油系统,并用热油对系统进行循环。•7.Auxiliary(辅助的)scavengeblowers(扫气鼓风机),ifmanuallyoperated(手动操作的),shouldbestarted.•7.如果辅助的扫气鼓风机为手动操作,应将其起动。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•8.Theturninggear(盘车机)isremoved(脱开)andifpossibletheengineshouldbeturnedover(转动)onairbeforeclosingtheindicatorcocks(示功器旋塞,示功考克).•8.脱开盘车机,如果可能,在关闭示功器旋塞前,应使用(压缩)空气转动主机。•9.Theengineisnowavailableforstandby.Thelengthoftimeinvolvedinthesepreparationswilldependupon(取决于)thesizeoftheengine.•9.主机现在已备好。备车时间的长短取决于主机的尺寸。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•1.Thedirectionhandle(转向手柄)ispositioned(置于…位置)aheadorastern.Thishandlemaybebuiltintothetelegraphreplylever(车钟传令手柄).Thecamshaft(凸轮轴)isthuspositionedrelativetothecrankshaft(曲轴)tooperatethevariouscamsforfuelinjection(燃油喷射),valveoperation,etc.•1.将转向手柄置于正车或倒车位置(转向手柄可与车钟手柄做成一体),此时,凸轮轴相对曲轴处于某一位置以转动用于燃油喷射、气阀启闭等的各种凸轮。•crankcase曲轴箱Enginestarting(主机起动)动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•2.Themanoeuvringhandle(操纵手柄)ismovedto“start”.Thiswilladmitcompressedair(压缩空气)intothecylindersinthecorrectsequencetoturntheengineinthedesireddirection(预定的方向).Aseparateairstartbutton(空气起动按钮)maybeused.•2.将操纵手柄置于“起动”,此时,压缩空气将按正确的顺序依次进入气缸,从而使主机按期望的方向转动。(另外)可使用单独的空气起动按钮来起动主机。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•3.Whentheenginereachesitsfiringspeed(发火转速)themanoeuvringhandle(操纵手柄)ismovedtotherunningposition(运转位置).Fuelisadmittedandthecombustionprocess(燃烧过程)willacceleratetheengineandstartingairadmission(进气)willcease(停止).•3.当主机转速达到发火转速时,将操纵手柄打至运转位置,燃油喷入气缸,燃烧过程开始并使主机加速运转,此时,起动空气的进气将会停止。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Whenrunningatmanoeuvringspeeds:•当机动航行时:•1.Wheremanuallyoperated(手动操作的)auxiliaryblowers(辅助鼓风机)arefittedtheyshouldbestarted.•如果安装了手动操作的辅助鼓风机,则应起动它。Enginereversing(主机换向)动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•2.Thefuelsupplyisshutoff(切断)andtheenginewillquicklyslowdown.•2.切断燃油供给,主机(转速)会迅速降低。•3.Thedirectionhandle(方向手柄)ispositioned(置于…位置)astern.•3.将方向手柄置于倒车位置。•4.Compressedair(压缩空气)isadmittedtotheenginetoturnitintheasterndirection.•4.压缩空气进入气缸,从而使主机按倒车方向转动。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•5.Whenturningasternundertheactionofcompressedair(压缩空气),fuelwillbeadmitted.Thecombustionprocess(燃烧过程)willtakeover(开始)andairadmission(进气)cease(停止).•5.当主机在压缩空气作用下倒车转动时,燃油喷入气缸,燃烧过程开始,而进气停止。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•Whenrunningatfullspeed:•当全速航行时:•1.Theauxiliaryblowers(辅助鼓风机),wheremanuallyoperated(手动操作的),shouldbestarted.•1.手动操作的辅助鼓风机应手动起动。•2.Fuelisshutoff(切断)fromtheengine.•2.切断主机的燃油。动力工程系PowerEngineeringDepartment•3.Blasts(一股)ofcompressedair(压缩空气)maybeusedtoslowtheenginedown.•3.可以使用压缩空气使主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