搜索
第四讲非谓语动词和句法（一）主讲人：刘灿德•自我简介：•毕业于中国科学院•多年来致力于中高考英语命题研究，组建本硕博教学研究团队，重点研究单词和语法记忆方法。•近年来出版专著数部，发表研究论文数十篇。•电话：15307159836•QQ:398832612非谓语动词•非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式，分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。这三种形式都是由动词变来的，但在句子中都不能作谓语，故这三种形式被称为非谓语动词。•一、不定式•定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态的变化•形式：•一般时todotobedone•进行时tobedoing•完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone•3．用法•(1)用作主语•TospeakgoodEnglishisnoteasy.•ItisnoteasytospeakgoodEnglish.•Ittookmeanhourtodothework.•(2)用作宾语•Shedecidedtotaketheexamination.•Ihopetomeethimsoon.•(3)宾语补足语•Theyexpectedustohelpthem.•Hewantshissontostudyhard.•不定式作宾语，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词(see,hear,notice,watch,make,have,let…)，则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。•Iheardthemsingintheclassroom.•Imadehercleantheroom.•ThegirlisheardtosinganEnglishsong.•[记忆口诀]动词不定式不带to的动词（只用于主动语态）•四看(notice,observe,seelookat,watch)三让(have,let,make)二听(hear,listento)一感(feel)半帮助(help)•[注意]：若是用于被动语态，则要还原to•以上动词真奇怪，to在句中象妖怪。主动句里它走开，•被动句里它回来。动词help要除外，to词可来可不来。•(4)用作表语：Tospeakistolearn.•Hisjobistosellcars.•(5)用作状语，表示目的，结果。•WecometoschooltostudyEnglish.(目的)•Ihurriedtothestore,onlytofinditclosed.(结果)•(6)定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。•Heaskedforapieceofpapertowriteiton.•Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.•Haveyouanythingtodo?•二、动名词•动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语，且所有格作修饰语。•形式：•doing:beingdone•havingdone:havingbeendone•用法：•(1)主语•Sayingiseasierthandoing.•Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.•Itisnousewaitinghere,hehasleft.•Itisnogoodsmoking.•Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.(简直无法和他相处。)•(2)表语•Hisjobiskeepingthehallcleanaspossible.•Seeingisbelieving.•(3)宾语•A.动词宾语：Headmittedtakingthebook.•Idomindyoursmokinghere.•下面动词须跟动名词作宾语：•admit,appreciate,avoid,complete,delay,deny,enjoy,fancy,finish,mind,practice,resent,risk,suggest,allow,permit……•注意：以allow为例：allow+doingsth(动名词作宾语)，但可以：allowsb.todosth(不定式做宾补)。这类动词常见如advise,allow,permit,recommend,etc.•B.作介词宾语：•Heleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous.•I’mlookingforwardtomeetingyou.(4)定语：•readingroomswimmingpoolwalkingstick•4．动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成•Hisleavingisagreatloss.•Motherdislikesmyworkinglate.•John’shavingseenherdidnotmakeherworried.•注意：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语时必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通用法。•5．动名词时态•I’mthinkingofsettinganewdictionary.(以后)•HenevertalkedtomeabouthishavingbeeninParis.(以前)•6．动名词语态•Hedoesn’tlikebeingflattered.•Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethecoachoftheteam.•7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较•(1)begin,start,continue等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。•Hebeganwriting/towritein1980.•(2)下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。•Hestoppedtalking.停止讲话。•Hestoppedtotalk.停下来开始讲话。•Pleaseremembertoposttheletter.记得寄走这封信。•Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得寄走了这封信。•Iforgottolockthedooryesterday.昨天我忘记锁门了。(未锁)•Iforgotfellinghimthenews.我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。(做过的事情忘记了)•三、分词•1．分词的性质•具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行；过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。•2．分词的形式•现在时writingbeingwritten•完成时havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten•3．分词的用法•(1)定语分词置于被修饰名词前•分词短语置于被修饰名词后•asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping•arunningdog=adogwhichisrunning•abrokenglass=aglasswhichisbroken•abeatenteam=ateamwhichisbeaten•Thisistheproblemdiscussedatthelastmeeting.•Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.•(2)表语Thebookisinteresting.•Heisinterestedinthebook.•Thenewsisexciting.•Hefeelsexcited.•(3)宾语补足语•WhenIwokeup,Ifoundmymothersittingbesideme.•I’dliketohavethispackageweighed.•掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。•(4)状语•Ifyouturntotheleft,you’llfindthestation.•Turningtotheleft,you’llfindthestation.•AsIdidn’treceiveherletter,Icalledherupbytelephone.•Notreceivingherletter,Icalledherupbytelephone.•WhileIwaswalkingtoschoolyesterdaymorning,Imetafriend.•Walkingtoschoolyesterdaymorning,Imetafriend.•Whenshewantsaskedifshehadanybadhabit,sheansweredthatshewasaheavysmoker.•Askedifshehadanyhadhabit,sheansweredthatshewasaheavysmoker.•注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。•Whenschoolwasover,theboyswenthome.•Beingover,theboyswenthome.(错)•Schoolbeingover,theboyswenthome.•非谓语动词之记忆口诀•非谓语动词包括不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。记忆口诀如下：•动词不做谓语用，不定、分词与动名。to加原形不定式，词组可做名、副、形。•分词现在和过去，相当副词和形容。原形加上“ing”，动词具有名词性。•实战口诀：•todo表主动表将来；tobedone表被动表将来•doing表主动表进行；done表被动表完成（过去时）•beingdone表被动表进行•havingdone表主动表完成•havingbeendone表被动表完成（完成时）•1.Isitnecessary__________(learn)aforeignlanguage?•2.Heisgoodat___________(swim).•3.Doyouhaveanything____________(say)foryourself?•4.It’sspringnow.it’stime_____________(plant)trees.•5.Don’tkeepme_______(wait)foralongtime.•6.Thepolicemantoldtheboysnot____________(play)inthestreet.•7.Hersonistooyoung___(dress)himself.•8.Theice_________(cover)withsnowisdangeroustowalkon.•9.Chinadoesn’twant___________(copy)theUSA’sexample.•10.Let’s___________(have)arest,shallwe?•11.Thespeakerspoketooquicklyforus____________(understand).•12.Thebookseemseasy__________(read).•13.Iaskedhim__________(show)mehisnewpen.•14.A__________(break)carisparkedatthecorneroftheroad.•15.Knivesareusedfor________(cut)things.•16.What’shis_____________(give)name,doyouknow?•17.Ireallydon’tknowwhat_______(do)next.•18.Ioftenhearpeople_________(say)“__________(see)is____________(believe)”.•19.You’dbetter_________(try)thismedicine.•20.Theysaidtheyhadnothing______(worry)about.•21.Canyoufinish___________(read)thebookinthreedays?•22.Ihavebeenbusyallthesedays.Ireallywant__________(relax)mys