1新希望英语语法精讲------“It”作形式主语和形式宾语“It”作形式主语和形式宾语的用法详解It作形式主语和形式宾语用法,是英语学习的主要语法项目之一。无论是单项选择,还是完行填空,it用法始终是反复考查的重、热点之一。现将it在特殊句型中作形式主语和形式宾语用法,进行如下归纳分析,以供学习参考。一、It用作形式主语当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在某个句子中作主语时,为保持句子结构前后平衡,避免头重脚轻,因此常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无词义。e.g.Itiswrongtotellalie.(说谎是错误的。)〔It为totellalie的形式主语〕Itisnousearguingaboutit.(争吵是没用的。)〔It为arguingaboutit的形式主语〕Itisuncertainwhowillcome.(谁要来还不确定。)〔It为whowillcome的形式主语〕It作形式主语的常见句型:①It+be+形容词+todosth./doing/that….e.g.Itisveryimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.(学一门外语非常重要。)Itisuselesscryingoverthespiltmilk.(覆水难收。)Itwasreallysurprisingthatshemarriedamanlikethat.(她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。)②It+be+名词词组+doing/that….e.g.Itisnogoodtellinglies.(撒谎没好处。)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilmyesterday.(你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。)ItisatruththattherewouldbenonewChinawithouttheCommunistParty.(没有共产党就没有新中国,这是毋庸质疑的。)③It+be+过去分词+that….该句型常见动词有:say,hope,think,suppose,expect,report,know,believe,decide,etc.e.g.Itissaidthattheyhaveinventedanewtypeofcomputer.(据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。)ItisbelievedthatChinawillbecomeoneofthestrongestcountriesintheworld.(大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。)Itwasreportedthatmorethan170thousandpeoplediedinthe2004tsunami.(据报道,至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。)④It+seems/appears/happens等不及物动词+that….e.g.Itseemsthatheenjoyspopsongsverymuch.(似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲。)ItappearsthatTommightchangehismind.(看来汤姆可能会改变主意。)⑤若句子是疑问形式,就只能用it作形式主语。e.g.Doesitmattermuchthattheywon’tcometomorrow?(他们明天不来很重要吗?)Isittruethathewillgoabroadnextweek?(他下周出国是真的吗?)⑥It+takes+(sb.)+sometime+todosth.这是一个表示“(某人)花多少时间干某事”的句型,其中it是形式主语,代替后面的不定式(todosth.),句型中的sb.也可以省略。e.g.Ittookmesometimetoreadthereadingmaterials.(我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读材料。)IttookhimfourteenhourstogotoNewZealandfromShanghaibyplane.(从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。)HowlongdoesittakeyoutogotoBeijingfromQingdaobytrain?(从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间?)Iamnotsure,butIthinkittakesatleastninehourstogetthere.(我不能肯定,但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿。)二、It用作形式宾语当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在某个句子中作宾语时,为保持句子结构平衡,避免句式结构的混乱,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it仍只起先行引导作用,本身无词义。下列四种情况须用it作形式宾语:2①当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时(如think,make,find,consider,feel,suppose等);e.g.TheyfounditpleasantthattheyworkedwithusChinese.(他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。)Idon’tfeelitdifficulttounderstandtheSpecialEnglish.(我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。)Hemakesitarulenevertoborrowmoney.(他立志决不向别人借钱。)Ithinkitnoneedtalkingaboutitwiththem.(我认为没必要跟他们谈。)②某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词,如like,enjoy,love,hate等,往往不能直接接宾语从句;e.g.Idon’tlikeitthathe’ssolazy.(我不喜欢他那么懒惰。)Ihateitwhenmymotherasksmetoeateggs.(我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。)③that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语;e.g.Youmaydependonitthatweshallalwayshelpyou.(尽管放心,我们会随时帮你的。)Wouldyouseetoitthatshegetshomeearly?(你负责保证她早到家,好吗?)Heinsistedonitthathewasinnocent.(他坚持说自己是无辜的。)④由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中,宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时,须借用it。e.g.Ileaveittoyourownjudgementwhetheryoushoulddoit.(我让你自己判断这事是否该做。)Weoweittoyouthattherewasn’taseriousaccident.(多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。)练习一1.Is_______necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he2.Idon’tthink_______possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork..A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it3.Does_______matterifhecan’tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it4.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,but____didn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it5._____isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It6.Ihate_______whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them7.Don’t_______thatallthosewhogetgoodgradesintheentranceexaminationwillprovetobethemostsuccessful.A.takeasgrantedB.takethisforgrantedC.takethatforgrantedD.takeitforgranted8.Ilike_______intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one练习二1._______happened_______heisunfitfortheoffice.A.This;thatB.That;thatC.It;thatD.He;that2.Wetook_______forgrantedthattheywouldacceptouradvice.A.thatB.thisC.itD.them3.______thatthescientistwillgiveusatalknextmonth?A.IstrueB.IsittrueC.It’strueD.It’struly4.____doesn’tmattermuch_____dressyouaregoingtowear.A.This;thatB.That;whoC.It;whichD.It;who5._______isgoingtoAmericaforfurtherstudy.A.HeissaidthatB.PeoplesaidthatheC.ItwassaidheD.Itissaidthathe6.Theyaregoodfriends._______isnowonderthattheyknoweachothersowell.A.ThisB.ThatC.ThereD.It7.Is_______possibletoflytothemooninaspaceship?A.thisB.thereC.thatD.it8.Sheliked_______whenhekissedher.A.himB.thatC.oneD.it9._______willdoyougoodtodosomeexerciseeverymorning.A.ItB.ThereC.ThoseD.One10.Wethink_______ourdutytopaytaxestoourgovernment.A.thatB.thisC.itsD.it3Key:练习一1-8CDDDDADC练习二1-5CCBCD6-10DDDADit作形式主语和形式宾语it既可作人称代词,用来表示动物或无生命的物体等,也可以作无人称代词,在句中作主语,表示“时间”、“距离”、“天气”等。它还可以引导强调句,使语气得以加强。此外,it在句中能作引导词,充当句子中的形式上的成分,如形式主语、形式宾语等。㈠it作形式主语:it作形式主语时没有具体的意义,而只是帮助把真正的主语移到句子后部去,使句子显得平稳一些。it作形式主语时,可以代替三种形式:不定式、动名词和主语从句。1.it代替不定式短语常用于下列句型中:It+be+形容词+(for/ofsb.)todosth.It+be+名词+todosth.Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.干…花了某人…时间It’suptosb.todosth.干…是某人的职责或义务如:①Itiseveryone’sdutytoobeythelaw.遵守法律是每个人的义务。(it作形式主语,代替不定式短语toobeythelaw)②ItisdifficultforaforeignertolearnChinese.对于一个外国人来说,学习汉语是困难的。(it作形式主语,代替不定式短语tolearnChinese)③Itisnotrighttousetheseplacesasrubbishdumps.把这些地方用来倒垃圾是不对的。(it作形式主语,代替不定式短语tousetheseplacesasrubbishdumps)④Ittookthemayeartobuildthebridge.建这座桥花了他们一年的时间。(it作形式主