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Candidatename__________________________________________________________________INTERNATIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEM0381/1AcademicReadingPRACTICEMATERIALS1hourAdditionalmaterials:AnswersheetforListeningandReadingTime1hourINSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATESDonotopenthisquestionpaperuntilyouaretoldtodoso.Writeyournameandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Readtheinstructionsforeachpartofthepapercarefully.Answerallthequestions.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.Useapencil.Youmustcompletetheanswersheetwithinthetimelimit.Attheendofthetest,handinthisquestionpaperandyouranswersheet.INFORMATIONFORCANDIDATESThereare40questionsonthisquestionpaper.Eachquestioncarriesonemark.2READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onpages3and4.Questions1-6ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphs,A-F.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsⅰTheappearanceandlocationofdifferentseaweedsⅱThenutritionalvalueofseaweedsⅲHowseaweedsreproduceandgrowⅳHowtomakeagarfromseaweedsⅴTheunder-useofnativeseaweedsⅵSeaweedspeciesatriskofextinctionⅶRecipesforhowtocookseaweedsⅷTherangeofseaweedproductsⅸWhyseaweedsdon’tsinkordryout1ParagraphA2ParagraphB3ParagraphC4ParagraphD5ParagraphE6ParagraphF3SeaweedsofNewZealandASeaweedisaparticularlywholesomefood,whichabsorbsandconcentratestracesofawidevarietyofmineralsnecessarytothebody’shealth.Manyelementsmayoccurinseaweed-aluminum,barium,calcium,chlorine,copper,iodineandiron,tonamebutafew-tracesnormallyproducedbyerosionandcarriedtotheseaweedbedsbyriverandseacurrents.Seaweedsarealsorichinvitamins;indeed,InuitsobtainahighproportionoftheirbodilyrequirementsofvitaminCfromtheseaweedstheyeat.Thehealthbenefitsofseaweedhavelongbeenrecognized.Forinstance,thereisaremarkablylowincidenceofgoiteramongtheJapanese,andalsoamongNewZealand’sindigenousMaoripeople,whohavealwayseatenseaweeds,andthismaywellbeattributedtothehighiodinecontentofthisfood.ResearchintohistoricalMaorieatingcustomsshowsthatjelliesweremadeusingseaweeds,nuts,fuchsiaandtutuberries,capegooseberries,andmanyotherfruitsbothnativetoNewZealandandsowntherefromseedsbroughtbysettlersandexplores.Aswithanyplantlife,someseaweedsaremorepalatablethanothers,butinasurvivalsituation,mostseaweedscouldbechewedtoprovideacertainsustenance.BNewZealandlaysclaimtoapproximately700speciesofseaweed,someofwhichhavenorepresentationoutsidethatcountry.Ofseveralspeciesgrownworldwide,NewZealandalsohasaparticularlylargeshare.Forexample,itisestimatedthatNewZealandhassome30speciesofGigartina,acloserelativeofcarrageenofIrishmoss.TheseareoftenreferredtoastheNewZealandcarrageens.Thesubstancecalledagarwhichcanbeextractedfromthesespeciesgivesthemgreatcommercialapplicationintheproductionofseameal,fromwhichseamealcustard(afoodproduct)ismade,andinthecanning,paintandleatherindustries.Agarisalsousedinthemanufactureofcoughmixtures,cosmetics,confectioneryandtoothpastes.Infact,duringWorldWarII,NewZealandGigartinaweresenttoAustraliatobeusedintoothpaste.CNewZealandhasmanyofthecommerciallyprofitableredseaweeds,severalspeciesofwhichareasourceofagar(Pterocladia,Gelidium,Chondrus,Gigartina).Despitethis,theseseaweedswerenotmuchutilizeduntilseveraldecadesago.AlthoughdistributionoftheGigartinaisconfinedtocertainareasaccordingtospecies.Andeventhen,theeastcoast,andtheareaaroundHokianga,haveaconsiderablesupplyofthetwospeciesofPterocladiafromwhichagarisalsomade.NewZealandusedtoimporttheNorthernHemisphereIrishmoss(Chondruscrispus)fromEnglandandready-madeagarfromJapan.DSeaweedsaredividedintothreeclassesdeterminedbycolour-red,brownandgreen-andeachtendstoliveinaspecificposition.However,expectfortheunmistakablesealettuce(Ulva),fewaretotallyonecolour;andespeciallywhendry,somespeciescanchangecolorsignificantly-abrownonemayturnquiteblack,oraredoneappearblack,brown,pinkorpurple.Identificationisneverthelessfacilitatedbythefactthatthefactorswhichdeterminewhereaseaweedwillgrowarequiteprecise,andtheytendthereforetooccurinverywell-definedzones.Althoughthereareexceptions,thegreenseaweedsaremainlyshallow-wateralgae;thebrownsbelongtothemediumdepths;andtheredsareplantsofthedeeperwater,furthestfromtheshore.Thoseshallow-waterspeciesabletoresistlongperiodsofexposuretosunandairareusuallyfoundontheuppershore,whilethoselessabletowithstandsuchexposureoccurnearerto,ofbelow,thelow-watermark.Radiationfromthesun,thetemperaturelevel,andthelengthoftimeimmersedalsoplayapartinthezoningofseaweeds.Flatrocksurfacesnearmid-leveltidesarethemostusualhabitatofsea-bombs,Venus’necklace,andmostbrownseaweeds.Thisisalsoreddish-purplelettuce.Deep-waterrocksonopencoasts,exposedonlyatverylowtide,areusuallythesiteofbull-kelp,strapweedsandsimilartoughspecimens.Kelp,orbladderkelp,hasstemsthatrisetothesurfacefrommassivebasesorholdfasts,theleafybranchesandlongribbonsofleavessurgingwiththeswellsbeyondthelineofshallowcoastalbreakersorcoveringvastareasofcalmercoastalwater.EPropagationofseaweedsoccursbyseed-likespores,orbyfertilizationofeggcells.None