USA History英文版美国历史简介

1/6TheUnitedStatesofAmericaHistoryIndians:The“firstAmericans”TheDiscoveryoftheNewWorldChristopherColumbus(31October1451–20May1506)anavigator,colonizer,andexplorerHeinitiatedtheprocessofSpanishcolonizationwhichforeshadowedgeneralEuropeancolonizationoftheNewWorld.PilgrimFathersRelationsofAmericanIndianswithEuropeansettlersTheAmericanWarofIndependenceWhatwerethecausesoftheWarofIndependence?Britain’scolonialpolicyTheeconomyinthe13coloniesdevelopedveryfastTheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrolandtocollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”(无代表，不纳税）HowwastheWarofIndependencestarted?The“BostonTeaParty”•In1773,whenshipsofteareachedBostontobedistributed,severaldozenBostonresidentsboardedtheshipatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thiscametobeknownasthe“BostonTeaParty”.Thestartofthewar•In1775,about1,000BritishsoldiersweresentfromBostontoseizethemilitarysuppliesoftheAmericanmilitia.WhentheyarrivedatLexingtontheyweremetbythearmedmilitiamen.SuddenlyashotwasfiredandtheWarofIndependencebegan.BostonTeaPartyTheFirstContinentalCongress—September,1774TheSecondContinentalCongressHeldinPhiladelphiainMay1775AssumethefunctionsofanationalgovernmentDeclarationofIndependenceOnJuly4,1776,theDeclarationofIndependencewassigned.OnJuly4,1776,theCongressformallydeclaredtheindependence•TheDeclarationstates:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident:Thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterorto2/6abolishit,…”Afterbeingprinted,thecopiesweresentout,broadcastandreadtocrowdseverywhere.Thedocumentgreatlyencouragedthestrugglingpeople,makingthemthinkthattheyshouldbeindependentandhavetherighttoenjoyliberty.Theywerebeginningtoshowmoreinterestsinacommoncause.Bothagreatinfluenceonthecourseofthewarandafar-reachinginfluenceinworldhistoryaswell.Itdraggedonforsevenyears.(1775-1783)Obstaclesforthecontinentalarmy:Noenoughsupplies.Tiredandhungry,whileBritishtroopsfreshandwell-equipped.BythemiddleofDecember,1776,theRevolutionseemedlost.ThevictoryatSaratoga(1777,October)—turningpoint.TheassistancefromFranceBenjaminFranklin—amessengertoEuropetogethelpfromothercountries.TheFrenchKingmadetwoagreementswithFranklin:•FrancewouldtakepartinthewaragainstEngland.•Theyagreedtotradewitheachother.•SpainandHollandjoinedFranceagainstEngland—aquickendtothewar.In1781,adecisivevictoryatYorktowninVirginiaOnOctober19,1781,theBritishgeneralCornwalliswasforcedtosurrender,thewarcametoanend.ThetwopartssignedtheTreatyofParisin1783—Americawonitsindependence2.5TheEstablishmentofConstitutionOnMay25,1787,theconstitutionwasdrafted.InJune1789,theconstitutioncameintoeffectinninestates.Tenamendments—TheBillofRights—wereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheCivilWar(1861-1865)CausesofCivilWarEconomicreason:twodifferenteconomicsystemsNorthCapitalistEconomySouthPlantationPoliticalreasonTheNorth—FederalGovernmentasaunionTheSouth—TheConfederateGovernment:theindependenceofeachstateUncleTom’sCabinPublishedin1852HarrietBeecherStowe(l811-1896)Anantislaverynovelwhichhadgreatpoliticalinfluence.Sothisisthelittleladywhomadethisbigwar.“---Lincoln3/6AbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresidentandopposedtheexpansionofslavery.SomesouthernstatesformedtheConfederateStatesofAmericain1861.UnionarmyVs.Confederatearmy3.2ComparisonofPowerTheNorth:twenty-threestates,22millionpopulationabundantfacilitiestomanufacturearmsandammunition,clothing,andothersuppliesmerchantmarinesandthenavyremainedinUnionhandsfederalgovernmentwasbetterabletoraisefundforwarTheSouth:elevenstates,9millionpopulationmilitaryadvantages:activelypreparingforwarinpossessionofmanyfederalfortsandarsenalssuperiormilitaryleadership:athirdoftheregulararmy'sofficerswerefromtheSouthfightingonitsownsoilEmancipationProclamationissuedbyPres.AbrahamLincolnthatfreedtheslavesoftheConfederacy.-ThistransformedthewarfromawartosavetheUnion,toawartoabolishslavery.BattleofGettysburg(July1863)TheturningpointGettysburgAddress“GovernmentofthePeople,bythePeopleandforthePeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth”InfluenceoftheCivilWarOutbreakoftheFirstWorldWar(1914-1918)Inevitableresultofcontradictionbetweentwogroupsofimperialistpowers:•Allies(协约国)—Britain,France,andRussia•TheCentralEuropeanPowers(同盟国)—Germany,Austria-HungaryandItalyThepolitical,economicandcolonialrivalriesofthegreatpowers.4.1WorldWarITheFalseProsperityinthe1920’s1920’s=boom,prosperity,isolationismaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustrationorconfusionandpurposelessnessErnestHemingway(1899-1961)欧内斯特·海明威1.ReputationSpokesmanfortheLostGenerationANobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1954LifeStory1899BorninIllinois(hisfatherwasahighlyrespecteddoctor,hismotherwasasingerandmusicteacher)4/61917AftergraduationfromHighSchool,helefthome