翻译要讲究信、达、雅三点,当然诗歌翻译也不例外,在原则上要遵循严复先生的信、达、雅,而且文化适应性是文化翻译的一个很重要的概念,文化适应性原则在诗歌的翻译中占据着重要的地位并起着积极的作用。不同的语言,因其不同的语言习惯、文化差异因素,在翻译过程中必须充分考虑其中。在翻译过程中,必须调动目标语言的一切手段来尽力再现原文的语言特点。诗按音律分(Soundandrhythm)(1)古体诗:包括古诗(唐以前的诗歌)、楚辞、乐府诗.Aformofpre-Tangpoetry,usu.havingfiveorsevencharacterstoeachline,withoutstricttonalpatternsorrhymeschemes(2)近体诗:绝句+律诗“modernstyle”poetry,referringtoinnovationsinclassicalpoetryduringtheTangDynasty,markedbystricttonalpatternsandrhymeschemes(3)词:又称为诗余、长短句、曲子、曲子词、乐府等。Ci,atypeofclassicalChinesepoetry(4)曲:又称为词余、乐府。元曲包括散曲和杂剧。Qu,atypeofverseforsinging,popularintheYuanDynasty(1)怀古诗(NostalgicPoetry)(2)咏物诗(Object-ChantingPoetry)(3)山水田园诗(Pastoralpoetry)(4)战争诗(Poetryofwar)(5)行旅诗(Poetryoftravelling)(6)闺怨诗(Poetryofboudoirrepinings)(7)送别诗(Farewellpoetry)按照作品内容的表达方式(Waysofexpression)(1)叙事诗:诗中有比较完整的故事情节和人物形象,通常以诗人满怀激情的歌唱方式来表现。Narrativepoems:completeplotandcharacters(2)抒情诗:主要通过直接抒发诗人的思想感情来反映社会生活,不要求描述完整的故事情节和人物形象。如,情歌、颂歌、哀歌、挽歌、牧歌和讽刺诗。Lyrics:fullreleaseofthepoet’semotion当然,叙事和抒情也不是绝然分割的。Sometimestheytwoareinterwoven.(1)格律诗:是按照一定格式和规则写成的诗歌。它对诗的行数、诗句的字数(或音节)、声调音韵、词语对仗、句式排列等有严格规定,Metricalpoetry:strictrequirementsonform,rhyme,numberofcharacterandlines,sentencepattern,etc.(2)自由诗:不受格律限制,无固定格式,注重自然的、内在的节奏,押大致相近的韵或不押韵,字数、行数、句式、音调都比较自由,语言比较通俗。Freeverse:freeformandpopularlanguage(3)散文诗:兼有散文和诗的特点。作品中有诗的意境和激情,常常富有哲理,注重自然的节奏感和音乐美,篇幅短小,像散文一样不分行,不押韵,如,鲁迅的《野草》。Prosepoetry:amixtureofcharacteristicsofproseandpoetry1.意境。意境本身是一种抽象的艺术形态,但这种抽象的形态,却能够表达出诗歌的本质甚至灵魂。Theartisticconception.Artisticconceptionisakindofabstractartform,butthiskindofabstractform,canexpressthepoetryistheessenceandsoul.2.诗歌的形式。准确的说,诗歌的形式包括其内部的韵律以及外部的形式,韵律就像是诗歌的声音,是诗歌的音乐特征;而外部形式就像是诗歌的外衣,是诗歌区别于其他文学作品的一个重要特点。Intheformofpoetry.Tobeexact,intheformofpoetry,includingitsinternalandexternalformsofrhythm,rhythmsoundslikepoetry,musicfeaturespoetry;whiletheoutercoatislikeaformofpoetryisapoetrydifferentfromotherliteraryworksimportantcharacteristics.赋:是直接陈述事物的表现手法。Fu,tonarratethingsdirectly比:是用比喻的方法描绘事物,表达思想感情。如,《诗经》中的《螽斯》《硕鼠》等篇。Bi,todipictthingswithfiguresofspeech兴:是托物起兴,即借某一事物开头来引起正题要描述的事物和表现思想感情的写法。如《诗经》中的《关雎》《桃夭》等篇。Xing,tostartatopicbyborrowingsomethingelse比拟Metaphor&personification夸张HyperboleEg:“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天”ItstorrentdashesdownthreethousandfeetfromhighAsiftheSilverRiverfellfromthebluesky借代Metonymy4.特殊的含义UniquemeaningEg:李商隐:春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干。(“丝”通“思”:death&heartbeat)刘禹锡《竹枝词》:杨柳青青江水平,闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴.(“晴”通“情”:sunny&love)TheEnglishtranslationcouldonlygainonemeaningandlosetheother.英语里只能二者择其一,无法像原文一般一箭双雕。5.特殊的字与声的组合Uniquecombinationofcharacterandsound李清照《声声慢》:“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”Andsoon………古诗词翻译的“三美”原则.佳译需要传达原诗的“意美”、“音美”和“形美”,能使读诗的外国读者能够从译作中获得尽可能与本国读者一样多的共鸣和美的享受。应该注意的是,音、形、意“三美”并非鼎足三分。在三者不可兼得的情况下,我们主张首先考虑保存原诗的意美,其次保存音美,再次是形美。AncientpoemstranslatedThreeBeautiesprinciple.Goodtranslationshouldconveytheoriginalpoemmeaningbeauty,soundbeautyandformbeauty“,canmaketheforeignreaderstoreadpoetryfromtranslationtheirreadersasmuchaspossibletounderstandandenjoythebeauty.Itshouldbenoted,sound,shape,meaningThreeBeautiesisnotthreerivalpowers.Inthecaseofthethreecannothaveboth,weadvocatethefirstconsiderkeeptheoriginalpoemmeaningbeauty,secondtosavesoundbeauty,formbeautyisagain.天净沙·秋思AutumnThinking-tothetuneofSkyScoursSand马致远byMaZhiyuan枯藤老树昏鸦。Searvines,oldtreesandcrowsintwilight.小桥流水人家。Asmallbridge,flowingwaterandcottagesinsight.古道西风瘦马。Anancientrood,aleanhorseinthewesterlywind.夕阳西下,Thewesteringsundownwend,断肠人在天涯。Aheart-brokenmanisatheaven'send.王维的《鸟鸣涧》人闲桂花落,夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟,时鸣春涧中。译文1①:Bird-ChirppingHollowThelightbeamsofthemoonontheearthsoftlyrain,Thenightisquiet,thespringmountempty,Themoon’sup-risethebirdsdothfrightenTocrynowandtheninthespringtidehollow.译文2②:TheDaleofSingingBirdsIhearosmanthusbloomsfallunenjoyed;Whennightcomes,hillsdissolveinthevoid.Therisingmoonarousesbirdstosing;Theirfitfultwittersfillthedalewithspring.译文3③:Bird-SingingStreamManatleisure.Cassiaflowersfall.Quietnight.Springmountainisempty.Moonrises.Startles--amountainbird.Itsingsattimesinthespringstream.Threeversionsofthetranslationshavetheiradvantages,butthebesttranslation3.Choosetheamountandtermsofstylistictranslationfrom1to3translations,fewerandfewerwords,thebodylanguage,askedthreesimpleandplain,themostfaithfultotheoriginalpoem.2moreconsistentwiththetranslationofatranslation,bothforbirdwordtranslationarecomplex.Thetranslationwasalonechoosethreesingularform,sothatitbettertranslationoftheoriginalpoemtranslatedcreatingtranquilmood.Suchexhibitsbettermoodpoetry.三个版本的译文,各有优点,但以译文3最好。用词多寡和语体的选择从译文1到译文3,用词愈来愈少,语体上,译文3简洁朴素,最为忠实原诗。译文1与译文2比较一致,两者对“鸟”字的译法均为复数。而译文三却独自选择单数形式,这样它的译文较好地译出了原诗创造的静谧的意境。这样更能表现出诗歌的意境。语义对等翻译。语义对等是指在译文的句法和语义规范允许的范围内再现原文作者在特定的上下文中所表达的确切含义,因此译者应从多方面考虑叠字的词义,选择与汉语对应的英语词汇.Eg:1.若叠字具有“每”的意思时,英语可译成each,every等词若不强调“每一个”,可用复数形式来译。如:夜夜相思更汤残。韦庄《洗溪沙》eachnightIlongforyoutillthewaterclockthefades.许渊冲译2.运用拟声词和颜色词。如车挤麟,马萧萧。杜甫《兵车行》Chariotsrumble,andhordesgrumble.许渊冲译3.运用动词。思悠悠,恨悠悠,恨到何时方始休。白居易《长相思》Mythoughtstretchesendlessly;mygriefwretchesendlessly.Oh,whenwillmybelovedcomebacktome?许渊冲译“悠悠”指无穷无尽的样子,在这里是名词做