过去分词的形式及意义

Grammar--------PastParticipleI.过去分词的形式和意义1.过去分词通常由动词原形加-ed构成。此外还有少数不规则形式，有的不规则动词的过去分词有两种形式。有些现代语法著作把过去分词称为-ed分词（-edPaticiple)2.过去分词与其它非限定词一样，都没有时的特征，所不同的是，它形式单一，没有体与语态的变化。3.及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。II.过去分词的在句中的用法1.过去分词（短语）表语1.1过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态Allthewindowsarebroken.Allhopeisgone.Thisarticleiswellwritten.Heappearedmoresatisfiedwithmywork.（1）有许多过去分词已经完全形容化了，它可以被very等副词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式，这类过去分词常见的有：amazed,bored,disappointed,disturbed,embarrassed,excited,frightened,interested,limited,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,surprised,tired,worried等。（2）有的过去分词可以被副词well修饰，如：built,cooked,done,dressed,known,organized,prepared,written等。（3）其它副词也可以修饰过去分词，如：deeplymoved,greatlyindebted,highlydeveloped等。1.2由过去分词构成的合成形容词也可以作表语Theyarewell-behavedandwell-spoken.1.3过去分词作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语及that引导的宾语从句Heisverymuchopposedtoyourplan.Themotherwaspleasedtohearfromherson.I’msatisfiedthatyoudidn’ttellmealie.1.4“be+过去分词”有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能是一个被动结构，这两种结构的差别是：（1）被动结构表动作，而系表结构表状态。（2）被动结构之后可以接by+动作的执行者，系表结构则不行。（3）系表结构中的过去词可以被well,very,much,quite等副词修饰，而被动结构中过去分词则不能。（4）系表结构中的过去分词往往具有固定的介词搭配。Whyistheglassbroken?Bywhomistheglassbroken?(系表结构）(被动结构)Itiscoveredwiththickiceanddeepsnow.Yourtableshouldbecoveredbyawhitecloth.(系表结构）(被动结构)1.5注意:过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearingthenews,wefeltverysurprised.听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶Thenewsisverysurprising.这个消息很令人惊讶。Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremovedtotears.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。2.摸底测验1.Thepainterlookedso______(tire)afterworkingforawholeday.2.Iwas_____________(disappoint)withthefilmIsawlastnight.Ihadexpectedittobebetter.3.Everybodyisreally_______(excite)aboutthenewOlympicstadiums.4.Hiswoundbecame________(infect)withanewvirus.tireddisappointedexcitedinfected小试牛刀1.过去分词知多少1.惊恐的人们2.预留的座位3.被污染的水4.拥挤的教室5.打碎的花瓶6.关了的门7.疲惫的观众1.terrified/astonishedpeople2.reservedseats3.pollutedwater4.acrowdedroom5.abrokenvase6.acloseddoor7.thetiredaudienceIII.过去分词作定语1.单个过去分词作定语,通常前置a.及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。abrokencupawoundedsoldieranunexpectedguesttheexcitedcrowdb.不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。agrownwomanaretiredofficerC.合成的过去分词amuch-neededreformstate-ownedenterprises2.过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。aletterwritteninpencilthebookrecommendedbyJackthemachinesproducedlastyearThissubstance,discoveredalmostbyaccident,hasrevolutionizedmachine.=aletterwhichwaswritteninpencil=thebookwhichwasrecommendedbyJack=themachineswhichwereproducedlastyear=Thissubstance,whichwasdiscoveredalmostbyaccident,hasrevolutionizedmachine.A.firstplayedB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayingD.tobefirstplayingA①过去分词做定语：表被动，表完成。②现在分词作定语：表主动，表进行。③不定式作定语：表示将要发生的动作。TheOlympicGames,___in776B.C.didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.区别11.Fallingleaves2.Fallenleaves3.Disappointingnews4.Disappointedpeople5.Excitingstory6.Excitedpeople7.Tiredpeople/I’mtired8.Tiringfilm1.正在飘的落叶2.已经落在地上的落叶3.令人失望的消息4.感到失望的人们5.激动人心的故事6.（感到）激动的人们7.累了的人/我感到累了8.（使人觉得）无聊的电影区别2FallingleavesFallenleaves区别2Exercises:1.Welivedinthehouse__________________(我舅舅们修建的).2.Anymedicine________(服用)withouttheadviceofadoctorcancausetrouble.3.Wespenttwohoursdiscussingtheplan__________________(她制定的).4._____________(开水)5.________________(一个破碎的茶杯)6.three____________________(受伤的士兵)builtbymyunclestakenmadebyherboiledwaterabrokencupwoundedsoldiersExercises:1.Mostofthepeople___________________(被邀请参加宴会的)werefamousscientists.2.Lessons_____________(易学的)aresoonforgotten.**_____________(易学的)lessonsaresoonforgotten.3.Thecomputercenter_________________(开办)lastweekispopularwiththestudents.invitedtothepartylearnedeasilyopened/startedEasily-learnedExercises1.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrases__D__onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known2.Aswejoinedthebigcrowd,Igot____frommyfriendsA.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missed3.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget___bythehour.A.payB.payingC.paidD.topay4.TheOlympicGames,___in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplayingACC5.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce___nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun6.Thetelevisionisa___machine.A.newly-inventedB.new-inventedC.newly-inventD.newly-invention7.___Englishisdifferentfrom____Englishinmanyways.A.Spoken,writtenB.Speaking,writtenC.Spoken,writingD.Speak,writeDAA8.Theladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththe______.A.20dollarsremainedB.20dollarstoremainC.remained20dollarsD.remaining20dollars9.Pricesofdailygoods___throughacomputercanbelowerthansomestoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying10.MrSmith,____ofthe___speech,startedtoreadanovel.A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boringDBA11.Therewasaterriblenoise_____thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed12.Mostofthepeople____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited13.Thecomputercenter,_____lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.openedBAD14.Thisnewssounds_____.A.en