冠心病的治疗原则

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地形平坦开阔,地层由第四系全新冲积层,第四系上更新统冲层组成,局部表覆第四系全新统人工堆积层。第四系全新统冲积层厚度约25~50m,岩性主要为黏土、粉质黏土、粉土、粉砂、细砂;第四系上更新统冲积层厚度大于50m,岩性主要为黏性土、粉土、粉细砂等。管桩深度范围内地层主要为:粉土、黏土、粉质黏土,局部表层为杂填土。couplingCentreshallbechecked,thesecondpouredconcretestrengthofmorethan70%.Intheprocessofreamingorboring,apartfromthespecialprovisionsinfactory,doesnotallowanyworkthatmayaffectthecouplingCentre,suchasirrigation,tocylinderconnectionstofloodthecondenserpipesandsoon.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Mountingboltsshouldbeaddedlubricants,typinggentlywithasmallhammer,nottoolooseortootight,packedtheboltswiththecorrespondingsealscrewholeshouldbemarked.6.4.5.4.2couplingreamedandpairingsisclosetothediameterofboltbearinggoodhingeholes,dressedwithagoodtwocouplingboltsbeforeyoucanmovetherotor,boring-reamingholeinturn.Couplingboltsmustbetightcouplingissymmetricaldiameter,inboring,reaming,twoboltsout.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Duetothecouplingboltsinaccordancewithhingeholescorrespondingtothediameterofthescrewholesonebyoneafterprocessing,processingbackboltinstallationlocationcannotbechanged,soaccordingtoboltaftertheactualweightdifferenceofnutandlockwashertomatch.Generalrequirementsforcouplingtwosymmetricaldiameterbolt,nutandlockwasher'stotalweightdifferenceshouldnotbegreaterthan10gandknocksstampedmark.(SeeFigure18)Thecouplingboltsapplylubricant,andthengentlywithcopperhome,nottoolooseortootight.BoltAssemblyisfinished,symmetricaltighteningallboltsto30%,50%,70%,100%force,andcheckthecouplingflutterandbeforeconnectingthecirclegraduallychangesitsvalueshouldbelessthan0.02mm.Tighteningtorqueofthecouplingboltsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsmanufacturersdrawings,withadynamometricwrenchorlogtensiontools.Threewheelrotorswingtestcouplingconnectionsshouldbechecked:takingleave,冠心病药物治疗的原则与案例分析李倩近年来冠心病发病在我国呈上升趋势,已成为危害我国人民健康的主要原因之一。在冠心病的治疗中,用药品种繁多,联合用药普遍。我们将首先介绍冠心病临床药物治疗的有关原则及注意事项,然后结合几个案例分析该类药物在临床治疗的特点与注意事项。第一部分冠心病的药物治疗的有关原则掌握冠心病的药物治疗,应当首先熟悉其发病机制、临床表现和诊断要点,其次根据国内外已颁布的心血管疾病治疗原则或指南,并结合各类临床药物的自身特点(如:作用机制、药效、药代、相互作用、用法用量、禁忌症和不良反应等)进行科学合理的药物预防与治疗。一、冠心病的发病机制、临床表现、诊断要点与鉴别诊断冠心病包括:心绞痛、心肌梗死、急性冠脉综合征、缺血性心肌病等。下面以急性冠脉综合征(ACS)为例,简要介绍其发病机制、临床表现与诊断要点:1.病因和发病机制急性冠脉综合征是一大类包含不同临床特征、临床危险性及预后的临床症候群,它们有共同的病理机制,即冠状动脉硬化斑块破裂、血栓形成,并导致病变血管不同程度的阻塞。最主要的病因是易损斑块破裂和糜烂并发血栓形成、血管痉挛及微血管栓塞等多因素作用下所导致的急性或亚急性心肌供氧减少。2.分类根据心电图有无ST段持续性抬高,可将急性冠脉综合征分为ST段抬高和非ST段抬高两大类,前者主要为ST段抬高心肌梗死(大多数为Q波心肌梗死,少数为非Q波心肌梗死),后者包括不稳定心绞痛(UA)和非ST段抬高心梗(NSTEMI)。非ST段抬高心梗大多数为非Q波心肌梗死,少数为Q波心肌梗死。3.临床表现:⑴不稳定心绞痛(UA)有以下临床表现:①静息性心绞痛:心绞痛发作在休息时,并且持续时间通常在20min以上;②初发心绞痛:1个月内新发心绞痛,可表现为自发性发作与劳力性发作并存,疼痛分级在Ⅳ级以上;③恶化劳力型心绞痛:既往有心绞痛病史,近1个月内心绞痛恶化加重,发作次数频繁、时间延长或痛阈降低(心绞痛分级至少增加1级,或至少达到III级);④变异性心绞痛也是不稳定心绞痛的一种,通常是自发性,其特点是一过性ST段抬高,多数自行缓解,不演变为心肌梗死,但少数可演变成心肌梗死。动脉硬化斑块导致局部内皮功能紊乱和冠状动脉痉挛是其发病原因,硝酸甘油和钙离子拮抗剂可以使其缓解。⑵非ST段抬高心梗(NSTEMI)的临床表现与不稳定心绞痛相似,但是比不稳定心绞痛更严重,持续时间更长。4.心电图表现ST-T动态变化是不稳定心绞痛/非ST段抬高心梗最可靠的心电图表现。不稳定心绞痛的静息心电图可出现2个或更多的相邻导联ST段下移≥0.lmV。静息状地形平坦开阔,地层由第四系全新冲积层,第四系上更新统冲层组成,局部表覆第四系全新统人工堆积层。第四系全新统冲积层厚度约25~50m,岩性主要为黏土、粉质黏土、粉土、粉砂、细砂;第四系上更新统冲积层厚度大于50m,岩性主要为黏性土、粉土、粉细砂等。管桩深度范围内地层主要为:粉土、黏土、粉质黏土,局部表层为杂填土。couplingCentreshallbechecked,thesecondpouredconcretestrengthofmorethan70%.Intheprocessofreamingorboring,apartfromthespecialprovisionsinfactory,doesnotallowanyworkthatmayaffectthecouplingCentre,suchasirrigation,tocylinderconnectionstofloodthecondenserpipesandsoon.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Mountingboltsshouldbeaddedlubricants,typinggentlywithasmallhammer,nottoolooseortootight,packedtheboltswiththecorrespondingsealscrewholeshouldbemarked.6.4.5.4.2couplingreamedandpairingsisclosetothediameterofboltbearinggoodhingeholes,dressedwithagoodtwocouplingboltsbeforeyoucanmovetherotor,boring-reamingholeinturn.Couplingboltsmustbetightcouplingissymmetricaldiameter,inboring,reaming,twoboltsout.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Duetothecouplingboltsinaccordancewithhingeholescorrespondingtothediameterofthescrewholesonebyoneafterprocessing,processingbackboltinstallationlocationcannotbechanged,soaccordingtoboltaftertheactualweightdifferenceofnutandlockwashertomatch.Generalrequirementsforcouplingtwosymmetricaldiameterbolt,nutandlockwasher'stotalweightdifferenceshouldnotbegreaterthan10gandknocksstampedmark.(SeeFigure18)Thecouplingboltsapplylubricant,andthengentlywithcopperhome,nottoolooseortootight.BoltAssemblyisfinished,symmetricaltighteningallboltsto30%,50%,70%,100%force,andcheckthecouplingflutterandbeforeconnectingthecirclegraduallychangesitsvalueshouldbelessthan0.02mm.Tighteningtorqueofthecouplingboltsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsmanufacturersdrawings,withadynamometricwrenchorlogtensiontools.Threewheelrotorswingtestcouplingconnectionsshouldbechecked:takingleave,态下症状发作时记录到一过性ST段改变,症状缓解后ST段缺血改变改善,或者发作时倒置T波呈伪性改善(假性正常化),发作后恢复原倒置状态更具有诊断价值,提示急性心肌缺血,并高度提示可能是严重冠状动脉疾病。发作时心电图显示胸前导联对称的T波深倒置并呈动态改变,多提示左前降支严重狭窄。心肌缺血发作时偶有一过性束支阻滞。持续性ST段抬高是心肌梗死心电图特征性改变。变异性心绞痛ST段常呈一过性抬高。心电图正常并不能排除急性冠脉综合征的可能性。胸痛明显发作时心电图完全正常,应该考虑到非心原性胸痛。非ST段抬高心梗的心电图ST段压低和T波倒置比不稳定心绞痛更明显和持久,并有系列演变过程,如T波倒置逐渐加深,再逐渐变浅,部分还会出现异常Q波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