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AbrahamLincoln(1809-1865)YearsheasPresident:1861-1865Partyaffiliation:RepublicanSchools:AltogetherhadaboutlessthanoneyearofformaleducationOccupationsbeforePresident:Riverboatcaptain,postmaster,lawyerDidyouknow:IssuedtheEmancipationProclamation(独立宣言)thatdeclaredforeverfreethoseslaveswithintheConfederacyonJanuary1,1863；LedtheAmericanCivilWar(内战)fightingforthefreedomofthesalves提示一：他出生于社会低层，具有勤劳、俭朴、谦虚和诚恳的品格。提示二：他那敏锐的洞察力和深厚的人道主义童识，使他成为美国历史上最伟大的总统。提示三：善于总结经验的总统赢得了历史学家们最高的评价。亚伯拉罕·林肯无疑是这方面的佼佼者。葛底斯堡战役，是美国内战最艰苦卓绝的战役，该役最后以南军被迫撤退，北军胜利告终，双方伤亡人数共达数万。这是南北战争的转折点。林肯总统1863年11月在葛底斯堡国家公墓落成典礼发表了著名的《葛底斯堡演说》。英文TheGettysburgAddressDeliveredonNovember19,1863ReadbyJeffDanielFourscoreandsevenyearsago,ourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,anewnation,1)conceivedinLiberty,and2)dedicatedtothe3)propositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.Nowweareengagedinagreatcivilwar,testingwhetherthatnationoranynationsoconceivedandsodedicated,canlong4)endure.Wearemetonagreatbattle-fieldofthatwar.Wehavecometodedicatea5)portionofthatfield,asafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivestothatnationmightlive.Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate-wecannot6)consecratewecannot7)hallow-thisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecratedit,faraboveourpoorpowertoaddor8)detract.Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongre-memberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Itisforustheliving,rather,tobededicatedheretotheunfinishedwork,whichtheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonoblyadvanced.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus-thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion-thatweherehighlyresolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain-thatthisnation,under6od,shallhaveanewbirthoffree-dom-andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnot9)perishfromtheearth.中文葛底斯堡演说发表于1863年11月19日87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家，它孕育于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。现在我们正在进行一场伟大的内战，以考验这个国家，或者任何一个孕育于自由和奉行上述原则的国家是否能够长久存在下去。我们在这场战争中的一个伟大战场上集会。烈士们为使这个国家能够生存下去而献出了自己的生命，我们来到这里，是要把这个战场的一部分奉献给他们作为最后安息之所。我们这样做是完全应该而且是非常恰当的。但是，从更广泛的意义上来说，对这块土地，我们不能够奉献，不能够圣化，不能够神化。那些曾在这里战斗过的勇士们，活着的和去世的，已经把这块土地圣化了，这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。我们今天在这里所说的话，全世界不大会注意，也不会长久地记住，但勇士们在这里所做过的事，全世界却永远不会忘记。毋宁说，倒是我们这些还活着的人，应该在这里把自己奉献于勇士们曾在这为之奋斗、努力推进、但尚未完成的事业，倒是我们应该在这里把自己奉献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务--我们要从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神，来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业；我们要在这里下定最大的决心，不让这些烈士的鲜血自流；我们要使国家在上帝福佑下得到自由的新生；要使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。解释1)conceiveV.构思，怀孕2)dedicateto献身于3)propositionn.主张，建议4)endure,耐久，忍耐5)portionn,一部分6)consecratev.献给7)hallowv.使......神圣8)detractv.转移9)perishv.毁灭简评：1Fourscoreandsevenyearsago，远比eighty-sevenyearsago来得更有份量，更加凝重。score与ago在音韵上也更耐琢磨。2dedicate，consecrate，hallow三个动词的连续，恰当的选用：排比的句式，一气呵成：接连两个itisforus把强调的对象转移到现在活着的人。3全文的最后一个长句包含着四个由that引导同位语从句，具体说明了thegreattaskremainingbeforeus''的是什么。FranklinD.Roosevelt富兰克林·罗斯福1933.3.4.演讲者简介：罗斯福在1933年成为总统当时美国正陷于世界性的经济危机之中。罗斯福以他的能力为人民创造就业机会并带去援助。罗斯福的许多施政观点至今仍是美国治国方针的一部分。PresidentHoover,MisterChiefJustice,myfriends:Thisisadayofnationalconsecration,andIamcertainthatonthisday,myfellowAmericansexpectthatonmyinductioninthePresidencyIwilladdressthemwithacandorandadecisionwhichthepresentsituationofourpeopleimpels.Thisispreeminentlythetimetospeakthetruth,thewholetruth,franklyandboldly.Norneedweshrinkfromhonestlyfacingtheconditionsfacingourcountrytoday.Thisgreatnationwillendureasithasendured,willreviveandwillprosper.Sofirstofall,letmeexpressmyfirmbeliefthattheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself-nameless,unreasoning,unjustifiedterror,whichparalyzesneededeffortstoconvertretreatintoadvance.Ineverydarkhourofournationallife,aleadershipoffranknessandvigorhasmetwiththatunderstandingandsupportofthepeoplethemselves,whichisessentialtovictory.AndIamconvincedthatyouwillagaingivethatsupporttoleadershipinthesecriticaldays.Insuchaspiritonmypartandonyours,wefaceourcommondifficulties.Theyconcern,thankGod,onlymaterialthings.Valueshaveshrunkentofantasticlevels;taxeshaverisen,ourabilitytopayhasfallen;governmentofallkindsisfacedbyseriouscurtailmentofincome;themeansofexchangearefrozeninthecurrentsoftrade;thewitheredleavesofindustrialenterpriselieoneveryside;farmersfindnomarketsfortheirproduce,andthesavingsofmanyyearsandthousandsoffamiliesaregone.Moreimportant,ahostofunemployedcitizensfacethegrimproblemofexistence,andanequalandgreatnumbertoilwithlittlereturn.Onlyafoolishoptimistcandenythedarkrealitiesofthemoment.Andyet,ourdistresscomesfromnofailureofsubstance,wearestrickenbynoplagueoflocusts.Comparedwiththeperilswhichourforefathersconquered,becausetheybelievedandwerenotafraid,wehavesomuchtobethankfulfor.Naturesurroundsuswithherbounty,andhumaneffortshavemultipliedit.Plentyisatourdoorstep,butageneroususeofitlanguishesintheverysightofthesupply.Primarily,thisisbecausetherulersoftheexchangeofmankind’sgoodshavefailed,throughtheirownstubbornnessandtheirownincompetence,haveadmittedtheirfailureandhaveabdicated.Practicesoftheunscrupulousmoneychangersstandindictedinthecourtofpublicopinion,rejectedbytheheartsandmindsofmen.True,theyhavetried,buttheireffortshave