Iliopoulos-从Rutherford到LHC这一个世纪的发现(20170606)

FROMRUTHERFORDTOLHCAcenturyofdiscoveriesJohnIliopoulos,ENSGuangzhou,June6,2017WhatistheWorldmadeofTheFathersofthestructureofmatter:Democritus(460-370B.C.)Theatomicconcept.ErnestRutherford,1stBaronNelson(1871-1937,NobelPrizeinChemistry1908)Therstatomicmodel.MurrayGell-Mann(1929-NobelPrize1969)TheQuarksMICROSCOPESThehumaneye104105mOpticalmicroscopes107mElectronicmicroscopes1010mXrays1011mrays1013mAccelerators100MeV10141015mAccelerators10GeV10161017mL.E.P.,Tevatron1018mLHC1019mTheresolutionpoweroftheprincipalmicroscopesWhydoweneedacceleratorsWeknowthatinordertoseesomethingwemustilluminateit.Theresolutionpowerofourapparatusdependsonthewavelengthofthelightweareusing,itincreaseswithenergy.Itfollowsthatinordertostudythestructureofmatteratsmallerandsmallerdistancesweneedhigherandhigherenergies.Inpractice,wecannotaccelerateelectricallyneutralparticles,likephotons.So,wegoforchargedones,likeelectronsorprotons.Forthelast100yearswerepeatRutherford'spioneeringexperiment(1909-1911)incomingbeamoutgoingbeamfoilscatteredparticleTheRutherford-Geiger-Marsdenexperiment.ThenameofthegameisHIGHENERGIESICosmicraysTheyreachveryhighenergiesTheyarecheapTheyarerareYouhavenocontrolovertheenergyandtheuxIAcceleratorsYoudon'tneedtogoupthemountainsYoucontrolenergyanduxYouhavetobuildthemIwasthelastparticlediscoveredincosmicraysin1947C.F.PowellintheBagneres-de-BigorreConference(1953):Gentlemen,wehavebeeninvaded...Theacceleratorsarehere.AfterthisConferencethetwocommunities,cosmicrayandacceleratorphysicists,split.TheycameagaintogetherinrecentyearsforastroparticlephysicsandneutrinophysicsThenameofthegameisHIGHENERGIESICosmicraysTheyreachveryhighenergiesTheyarecheapTheyarerareYouhavenocontrolovertheenergyandtheuxIAcceleratorsYoudon'tneedtogoupthemountainsYoucontrolenergyanduxYouhavetobuildthemIwasthelastparticlediscoveredincosmicraysin1947C.F.PowellintheBagneres-de-BigorreConference(1953):Gentlemen,wehavebeeninvaded...Theacceleratorsarehere.AfterthisConferencethetwocommunities,cosmicrayandacceleratorphysicists,split.TheycameagaintogetherinrecentyearsforastroparticlephysicsandneutrinophysicsThenameofthegameisHIGHENERGIESICosmicraysTheyreachveryhighenergiesTheyarecheapTheyarerareYouhavenocontrolovertheenergyandtheuxIAcceleratorsYoudon'tneedtogoupthemountainsYoucontrolenergyanduxYouhavetobuildthemIwasthelastparticlediscoveredincosmicraysin1947C.F.PowellintheBagneres-de-BigorreConference(1953):Gentlemen,wehavebeeninvaded...Theacceleratorsarehere.AfterthisConferencethetwocommunities,cosmicrayandacceleratorphysicists,split.TheycameagaintogetherinrecentyearsforastroparticlephysicsandneutrinophysicsThenameofthegameisHIGHENERGIESICosmicraysTheyreachveryhighenergiesTheyarecheapTheyarerareYouhavenocontrolovertheenergyandtheuxIAcceleratorsYoudon'tneedtogoupthemountainsYoucontrolenergyanduxYouhavetobuildthemIwasthelastparticlediscoveredincosmicraysin1947C.F.PowellintheBagneres-de-BigorreConference(1953):Gentlemen,wehavebeeninvaded...Theacceleratorsarehere.AfterthisConferencethetwocommunities,cosmicrayandacceleratorphysicists,split.TheycameagaintogetherinrecentyearsforastroparticlephysicsandneutrinophysicsAccelerators:EnginesofDiscoveryAllacceleratorsarebasedon:F=qE)OnlychargedparticlescanbeacceleratedIElectrostaticacceleratorsILinearAccelerators(Linacs)ICircularaccelerators(Cyclotrons)ICollidersAccelerators:EnginesofDiscoveryAllacceleratorsarebasedon:F=qE)OnlychargedparticlescanbeacceleratedIElectrostaticacceleratorsILinearAccelerators(Linacs)ICircularaccelerators(Cyclotrons)ICollidersAccelerators:EnginesofDiscoveryAllacceleratorsarebasedon:F=qE)OnlychargedparticlescanbeacceleratedIElectrostaticacceleratorsILinearAccelerators(Linacs)ICircularaccelerators(Cyclotrons)ICollidersAccelerators:EnginesofDiscoveryAllacceleratorsarebasedon:F=qE)OnlychargedparticlescanbeacceleratedIElectrostaticacceleratorsILinearAccelerators(Linacs)ICircularaccelerators(Cyclotrons)ICollidersAccelerators:EnginesofDiscoveryAllacceleratorsarebasedon:F=qE)OnlychargedparticlescanbeacceleratedIElectrostaticacceleratorsILinearAccelerators(Linacs)ICircularaccelerators(Cyclotrons)ICollidersIElectrostaticacceleratorsVandeGraa,Cockroft-Walton,tandem,...Need:Verystrongelds,Largedimensions(EnergyFL)sparkandcoronaeects)LimitedtolowenergiesINewidea:ApplyarelativelyweakelectrostaticeldrepeatedlymanytimesIElectrostaticacceleratorsVandeGraa,Cockroft-Walton,tandem,...Need:Verystrongelds,Largedimensions(EnergyFL)sparkandcoronaeects)LimitedtolowenergiesINewidea:ApplyarelativelyweakelectrostaticeldrepeatedlymanytimesLinearacceleratorsIsing,WidereAsintheelectrostaticaccelerators,theacceleratedparticlesmoveonastraighttrajectoryFigure:FromIsing'soriginalarticleof1924En=mv2n2=nQVsin)!=2;vnj(nonrel:)pn)ThelengthoftheshieldedtubesincreasesThedevelopmentofveryhighfrequencypowersupplies(klystrons,...)playedacrucialroleintheentireeldofacceleratortechnologyProton(orion)linearaccelerators(10-100MeV/nucleon)(Alvarezstructure)ElectronlinearacceleratorswaveguidesSLAC20