六西格玛辞典

六西格玛辞典（英文）SixSigmaGlossary★BenchmarkingAnimprovementprocesswherebyacompanymeasuresitsperformanceagainstthatofbest-in-classcompanies,determineshowthosecompaniesachievedtheirperformancelevels,andusestheinformationtoimproveitsownperformance.★BlackBeltFull-timeSixSigmaprojectleaderwhoiscertifiedfollowingafour-monthtrainingandapplicationprogramandsuccessfulcompletionoftwoSixSigmaProjects,thefirstundertheguidanceofaMasterBlackBelt,thesecondmoreautonomously.★DMAICThedatadriven,SixSigmaprocessimprovementstrategyinvolving5phases:Define,Measure,Analyze,ImproveandControl.★CauseThatwhichproducesaneffectorbringsaboutchange.★Cause-And-EffectDiagramAschematicsketch,usuallyresemblingafishbone,whichillustratesthemaincausesandsubcausesleadingtoaneffect(symptom).AlsoknownasFishboneDiagram.★ChampionNormallyseniorstaffofthecompanywhohasundergoneextensiveSixSigmatraining.Championsprovidedirection,resourcesandsupporttotheSixSigmaeffortandpproveandreviewprojects.★CharacteristicAdefinableormeasurablefeatureofaprocess,productorvariable.★ControlChartAgraphicalrenditionofacharacteristic’sperformanceacrosstimeinrelationtoitsnaturallimitsandcentraltendency.★CorrelationThedeterminationoftheeffectofonevariableuponanotherinadependentsituation.★CpAwidelyusedcapabilityindexforprocesscapabilitystudies.Itmayrangeinvaluefromzerotoinfinitywithalargervalueindicatingamorecapableprocess.SixSigmarepresentsCpof2.0.★CpkAnindexcombiningCpandK(Differencebetweentheprocessmeanandthespecificationmean)todeterminewhethertheprocesswillproduceunitswithintolerance.CpkisalwayslessthanorequaltoCp.Whentheprocessiscenteredatnominal,CpkisequaltoCp.★CriticalToQuality(CTQ)Anelementofadesignoracharacteristicofapartthatisessentialtoqualityintheeyesofthecustomer,formerlyknownasakeyqualitycharacteristic(KQC).★DataFactualinformationusedasabasisforreasoning,discussionorcalculation;oftenreferstoquantitativeinformation.★DefectAfailuretomeetanimposedrequirementonasinglequalitycharacteristicorasingleinstanceofnonconformancetothespecification.★DefectsPerMillionOpportunities(DPMO)Thenumberofdefectscounted,dividedbytheactualnumberofopportunitiestomakeadefect,thenmultipliedbyonemillion.Adirectmeasureofsigmalevel.★DefectsPerUnit(DPU)Thenumberofdefectscounted,dividedbythenumberofproductsorcharacteristicsproduced.AprocessofcountingandreducingdefectsasaninitialsteptowardSixSigmaquality.★DefectiveAunitofproductcontainingoneormoredefects.★DesignForManufacturability(DFM)Aconceptinwhichproductsaredesignedwithinthecurrentmanufacturingprocesscapabilitytoensurethatengineeringrequirementsaremetduringproduction.★DesignofExperiments(DOE)Statisticalexperimentaldesignstoeconomicallyimproveproductandprocessquality.Amajortoolusedduringthe“ImprovePhase”ofSixSigmamethodology.★DistributionsTendencyoflargenumbersofobservationstogroupthemselvesaroundsomecentralvaluewithacertainamountofvariationor“scatter”oneitherside.★EffectThatwhichwasproducedbyacause.★ExperimentAtestunderdefinedconditionstodetermineanunknowneffect;toillustrateorverifyaknownlaw;totestorestablishahypothesis.★ExperimentalErrorAtestunderdefinedconditionstodetermineanunknowneffect;toillustrateorverifyaknownlaw;totestorestablishahypothesis.★“Factory”ProcessesForSixSigmapurposes,definedasdesign,manufacturing,assemblyortestprocesseswhichdirectlyimpacthardware(seealsotransactionprocesses).★FishboneDiagramAschematicsketch,usuallyresemblingafishbone,whichillustratesthemaincausesandsubcausesleadingtoaneffect(symptom).AlsoknownasCause-And-EffectDiagram.★FailureModeEffectsAnalysis(FMEA)Aprocessinwhicheachpotentialfailuremodeineverysub-itemofanitemisanalyzedtodetermineitseffectonothersub-itemsandontherequiredfunctionoftheitem.★“FiveMs”Majorsourcesofvariation:manpower,machine,method,materialandmeasurement.Additionally,“environment”isconsideredtobeasourceofvariation.★FrequencyDistributionThepatternorshapeformedbythegroupofmeasurementsinadistribution.★GageRepeatability&Reproducibility(GageR&R)Ameasurementsystemevaluationtodetermineequipmentvariationandappraiservariation.Thisstudyiscriticaltoensurethatthecollecteddataisaccurate.★HistogramVerticaldisplayofapopulationdistributionintermsoffrequencies;aformalmethodofplottingafrequencydistribution.★IndependentVariableAcontrolledvariable;avariablewhosevalueisindependentofthevalueofanothervariable.★InteractionWhentheeffectsofafactorAarenotthesameatalllevelsofanotherfactorB.★LowerControlLimitAhorizontaldottedlineplottedonacontrolchartwhichrepresentsthelowerprocesslimitcapabilitiesofaprocess.★MasterBlackBeltAnexpertinqualitytechniquesspeciallytrainedtoadviseleaders,facilitatequalityteamsandaccelerateprocessimprovement.MasterBlackBeltsselect,trainandmentorBlackBelts;developandimplementtheSixSigmadeploymentplan;andselectandensurecompletionofSixSigmaprojects.★NonconformityAconditionwithinaunitwhichdoesnotconformtosomespecification,standard,and/orrequirement;oftenreferredtoasadefect;anygivennonconformingunitcanhavethepotentialformorethanonenonconformity.★NormalDistributionAcontinuoussymmetricaldensityfunctioncharacte