Brain Facts 2008 (认识大脑)

BrainFactsAPrimeronthebrAinAndnervoussystemBrainFactsAPRIMERONTHEBRAINANDNERVOUSSYSTEMTHESOCIETYFORNEUROSCIENCETheSocietyforNeuroscienceistheworld’slargestorganizationofscientistsandphysi-ciansdedicatedtounderstandingthebrain,spinalcord,andperipheralnervoussystem.Neuroscientistsinvestigatethemolecularandcellularlevelsofthenervoussystem;theneuronalsystemsresponsibleforsensoryandmotorfunction;andthebasisofhigherorderprocesses,suchascognitionandemotion.Thisresearchprovidesthebasisforunderstandingthemedicalfieldsthatareconcernedwithtreatingnervoussystemdisorders.Thesemedicalspecialtiesincludeneurology,neurosurgery,psychiatry,andophthalmology.Foundedin1969,theSocietyhasgrownfrom500chartermemberstomorethan38,000membersworldwide.TheSocietyhasmorethan100localorregionalchapters.Withactivi-tiesrangingfromlecturestonetworkingeventsandinformationsharing,SfNchaptersenableindividualmemberstoengagetheircolleaguesatthelocallevel.ThemissionoftheSocietyisto:Advancetheunderstandingofthebrainandthenervoussystembybringingtogetherscientistsofdiversebackgrounds,byfacilitatingtheintegrationofresearchdirectedatalllevelsofbiologicalorganization,andbyencouragingtranslationalresearchandtheapplicationofnewscientificknowledgetodevelopimproveddiseasetreatmentsandcures.Provideprofessionaldevelopmentactivities,information,andeducationalresourcesforneuroscientistsatallstagesoftheircareers,includingundergraduates,graduates,andpostdoctoralfellows,andincreaseparticipationofscientistsfromadiversityofculturalandethnicbackgrounds.Promotepublicinformationandgeneraleducationaboutthenatureofscientificdiscov-eryandtheresultsandimplicationsofthelatestneuroscienceresearch.Supportactiveandcontinuingdiscussionsonethicalissuesrelatingtotheconductandoutcomesofneuroscienceresearch.Informlegislatorsandotherpolicy-makersaboutnewscientificknowledgeandrecentdevelopmentsinneuroscienceresearchandtheirimplicationsforpublicpolicy,societalbenefit,andcontinuedscientificprogress.Theexchangeofscientificinformationoccursatanannualfallmeetingwheremorethan16,000reportsofnewscientificfindingsarepresentedandmorethan30,000peopleattend.Thismeeting,thelargestofitskindintheworld,isthearenaforthepresentationofnewresultsinneuroscience.TheSociety’sweeklyjournal,TheJournalofNeuroscience,containsarticlesspanningtheentirerangeofneuroscienceresearchandhassubscribersworldwide.TheSociety’songoingeducationandprofessionaldevelopmenteffortsreachteachersandhelppromotetheeduca-tionofSocietymembers.PrintandelectronicpublicationsinformmembersaboutSocietyactivities.AmajorgoaloftheSocietyistoinformthepublicabouttheprogressandbenefitsofneuroscienceresearch.TheSocietyaccomplishesthisgoalbyprovidinginformationaboutneurosciencetoschoolteachersandencouragingitsmemberstospeaktoyoungpeopleaboutthehumanbrainandnervoussystem.INTROdUCTION.................................................................................................................4THENEURON....................................................................................................................6NeurotransmittersandNeuromodulatorsSecondMessengersBRaINdEvElOpmENT.......................................................................................................10BirthofNeuronsandBrainWiringParingBackCriticalPeriodsSENSaTIONaNdpERCEpTION..........................................................................................15VisionHearingTasteandSmellTouchandPainlEaRNINg,mEmORY,aNdlaNgUagE.............................................................................22LearningandMemoryLanguagemOvEmENT.....................................................................................................................25SlEEp..............................................................................................................................28BrainActivityDuringSleepSleepDisordersHowIsSleepRegulated?STRESS............................................................................................................................31TheImmediateResponseChronicStressagINg...........................................................................................................................34AgingNeuronsIntellectualCapacityNEURaldISORdERS:advaNCESaNdCHallENgES...........................................................36AddictionAlzheimer’sDiseaseAmyotrophicLateralSclerosisAnxietyDisordersAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderAutismBipolarDisorderBrainTumorsDownSyndromeDyslexiaHuntington’sDiseaseMajorDepressionMultipleSclerosisNeurologicalAIDSNeurologicalTraumaPainParkinson’sDiseaseSchizophreniaSeizuresandEpilepsyStrokeTouretteSyndromeNEwdIagNOSTICmETHOdS...........................................................................................55ImagingTechniquesGeneDiagnosispOTENTIalTHERapIES......................................................................................................59NewDrugsTrophicFactorsEngineeredAntibodiesSmallMoleculesandRNAsCellandGeneTherapyNEUROETHICS.....