Thomas Hardy--PPT

ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountry“Wessex”.Hardy’sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.Contents:(P378)►Life►Works►TessoftheD'Urbervilles►JudetheObscure►FeaturesofhisworksLifeBorninDosetin2ndJune,1840.Apprenticetoanarchitectin1856.WenttoLondontostudyarchitecturein1862,butatthesametime,hebecameinterestedinliteratureandphilosophy.Returnedtohometownandbecameanarchitectin1867.Hegaveuparchitectureandmadeliteraturehisprofessionin1874.LifeBecaseofmarriage,hebegantowritepoemsandnovels,enrichidealizedtherurallife.Tess(1891)andJude(1896)areregardedasthesummitofhisrealism.HardyannouncedJudewashislastnovelin1896andturnedtopoetry.Diedin11thJanuary,1928.Wessex(威塞克斯)•Hardy'snovelsdescribethecharacterandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.However,hedidn'tusetherealnameDorsetbutWessexinhisbooks.•HisprincipleworksaretheWessexNovels《威塞克斯诗集》.Novelsdividedinto3categoriesNovelsofCharacterandEnvironment(性格与环境小说)NovelsofRomancesandFantasies(罗曼史和幻想小说)NovelsofIngenuity(爱情阴谋小说)I.NovelsofCharacterandEnvironmentUndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《绿荫下》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《远离尘嚣》TheReturnoftheNative(1878)《还乡》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特桥市长》TheWoodlanders(1887)《林地居民》WessexTales(1887)《威塞克斯》TessoftheD'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔丝》JudetheObscure(1896)《无名的裘德》II.NovelsofRomancesandFantasiesAPairofBlueEyes(1873)《一双湛蓝的眼睛》TheTrumpet-Mayor(1880)《喇叭--市长》TwoonaTower(1882)《塔中恋人》AGroupofNoblenDames(1891)《一群贵妇人》TheWell-Beloved(1897)《心爱的人》III.NovelsofIngenuityDesperateRemedies（1871）《计出无奈》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《伊丽莎白之手》ALaodicean(1881)《冷酷的人》Poetry•WessexPoemsandOtherVerses(1898)《威塞克斯诗集》•PoemsofthePastandPresent(1901)《今昔诗集》•TheDynasts（1903--1908）列王•Time'sLaughingstocksandOtherVerses(1909)《时间笑柄》•SatiresofCircumstance(1914)《环境的讽刺》•MomentsofVision(1917)《幻象的瞬间》•LateLyricsandEarlier(1922)《中晚期抒情诗》《德伯家的苔丝》•《德伯家的苔丝》讲述的是一个纯洁质朴、聪明美丽的农村姑娘被逼得走头无路，终于杀人的故事。小说一开始，苔丝替她父亲赶马车去城里送货，黑夜里她的马车与邮车相撞，把家里的老马弄死了。苔丝闯了大祸，出于一种赎罪心理，来到杜伯维尔家去做工，以贴补家用。杜伯维尔家少爷阿列克在林中将她奸污。苔丝失贞以后，选择离开阿列克，回到家生下了孩子。孩子病死后，她去一家牛奶场做工，认识了安琪儿·克莱尔，并与他相爱。新婚之夜，安琪儿了解到苔丝的失贞，便离她而去，远走巴西，苔丝转到另一个农场做工。父亲死后，房东将她家住的房子收回。为了不让家人流落街头，苔丝被迫又回到阿列克身边。安琪儿后来悔悟，突然回来找她，苔丝心情十分痛苦，用刀子将阿列克杀死。小说结束时，苔丝作为杀人犯被处以绞刑。•《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代最著名的小说，小说的女主人公苔丝则是哈代所塑造的最成功的女性形象。Maincharacters•Tess苔丝——wasainnocentgirl,a“purewoman”.Shewashonestandsweet-natured,andfullofloveforherfamilyandsympathyforothers.•Alec阿列克——wasrich,handsome,bold,dashing,sensual—thecompletelady-killer.Hewasafraudaswellasamorallycorruptperson.•Angel安琪儿——waswelldescribedas“educated,reserved,subtle,sad,differing”.Hewasapersonwhowasgovernedbyhisintellect.Theme•ThetragicfateofTessandherfamilywasnotthatofanindividualfamily,butitwassymbolicofthedisintegrationoftheEnglishpeasantry——aprocesswhichhadreacheditsfinalandtragicstageattheendof19thcentury.Mankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostileandmysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortunetohumanlife.ReasonsforTess’tragedy1)sheisavictimofthesociety,theeconomicoppressionandsocialinjustice.2)Hercharacterwasalsoresponsibleforhertragedy.Herinnocenceandignoranceofsexcausedtheseductiontooccur.Herkindnessmadehertakeresponsibilityforherfamily.3)Attributedtoblinechanceandmysteriousfate.JudetheObscure(1896)《无名的裘德》•Theme:•InHardy'swordsis“adeadlywarwagedbetweenfleshandspirit”(灵与肉的生死搏斗)andthecontrastbetweentheideallifeamanwishedtoleadandthesqualidreallifehewasfatedtolead.《无名的裘德》•小说以悲怆的笔调叙述了乡村青年裘德一生的悲剧。裘德好学深思、刻苦自修，却始终被拒之于大学门外。女主人公淑聪颖美貌，更重要的是具有独立的人格和思想，蔑视世俗和僵化的宗教，但她跟裘德的爱情却为教会所不容、世俗所不齿。裘德壮志不酬、谋职无路、告贷无门，绝望中，他的长子同弱妹幼弟一同吊死。淑遭此惨变，终向命运和教会屈服，离开了深爱的裘德，自由的思想、独立的人格均遭毁弃。裘德则终日纵酒，郁郁成疾，年未满三十即含恨而终。Maincharactersmostprimitive,thelowestsocialposition.Hehasdreambutneverabletofulfillthem;hehastalentsbutisnevergivenrecognitionforthem.Judehasseriousflawsinhispersonality:hisjudgementisnotsound;hefailstounderstandthenatureoftheuniverseanditsmotivesandstumblesalongandkeepsmakingthewrongchoices.Sheiswell-educated,intelligent,andindependentassheistrainedtomakealivingforherself.Sheisnotatraditionalwomanbutafeministofakind.Herimagerepresentsthegrowthofamodernfemaleself-awareness.Shekeepsfightingbackandtriestogetherrevenge,butherweaponisandcanonlybesexual.Shewhoisasexycountrygirl,almostasexanimalisallfleshanddesire.Sheistheinstrumentoftheviciousuniversesetonpalyingacosmicjokeuponthehelplesshuman.ReasonsforJude'sfailure☞Inevitable:hislowerinstinctiveimplusesandhisinabilitytostrikeabalancebetweenreasonandemotion.Itistheresultofthedeadlywarbetweenthefleshandthespiritthatragesinhim.☞Judeisdevided,hoveringbetweenArabellaandSueandattractedtobothatthesametime,hisdoomissealed.FeaturesofHardy'sworks•Naturalism:Hardyisagreatpainterofnature.Inhishand,thewessexprairiecomestolife,withitsowncolor,temper,mystery,omen,andforceofdestructionandbecomesamostpowerful,forbidingforcewithitsownlifeandwill.•Fatalism:Huamanactionshavebeenpredetermined,eitherbytheverynatureofthings,orbyGod,orbyfate.•Tragedy:Hardysawmanbeatendownbyforcesandsoughttorecordman'seternalstrugglewithfate.