《语言学教程》Chapter 2 phonetics

ReviewQuestions1.Whatarethemainfunctionsoflanguage?2.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenprescriptivestudyanddescriptivestudy?3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?4.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance?5.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenlangueandparole?1.9.4CompetenceandperformanceCompetence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage(语言能力)Performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations(语言运用)ChomskyProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)DifferencesbetweencompetenceandperformanceCompetencePerformanceItenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities;Itisstable.Performanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors;itisnotstable.Aspeaker’sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence.Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Inotherwords,theyshoulddiscoverwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage.SaussureVs.ChomskyChomsky’scompetence-performancedistinctionisnotexactlythesameas,thoughsimilarto,F.deSaussure’slangue-paroledistinction.Langue-paroleCompetence-performanceLangueisasocialproductandasetofconventionsforacommunityCompetenceisdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeachindividualSaussurelooksatlanguagefromasociologicalorsociolinguisticpointofviewN.Chomskydealswithhisissuespsychologicallyorpsycholinguistically.ChapterTwoSpeechSoundsPhonetics(语音学)studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.WhatisPhonetics?BranchesofPhoneticsAthree-stepprocessofspeechsounds:Articulatoryphonetics(发音语言学):thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds;Acousticphonetics(声学语言学):thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech;Auditoryphonetics(听觉语言学):thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds.PhoneticsPhonology1.Phonetics:speechsoundsItisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:phoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.2.Phonology:soundsystemsItaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.VsMaincontentsinChapter2SpeechsoundsSoundsystems1.Speechorgans2.DescriptionsofEnglishconsonantsandvowelsClicktoaddTitle1.Phoneme,phone,allophone2.PhonologicalprocessesSoundsPhoneticsPhonology2.1Howspeechsoundsaremade?Previewquestions1.Whatarethethreecavitiesofthevocaltract?2.WhatisthedefinitionofIPA?2.1.1OrgansofspeechA.Thepharyngealcavity:13windpipe,12glottis/vocalcords,11pharyngealcavityB.Theoralcavity:1/2lips,3/4teeth,5teethridge(alveolus),6hardpalate,7softpalate(velum),14uvula,8tipoftongue,9bladeoftongue,10backoftongueC.Nasalcavity:15咽腔14152.1.2TheIPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin2005.2.2ConsonantsandvowelsPreviewquestions:1.Whatareconsonantsandvowels?2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowels?3.Inwhatwayscanwedescribeconsonantsandvowelsrespectively?Classificationofspeechsounds1.Consonants:areproduced‘byaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction’.声道紧闭或声道变窄的程度达到气流无法排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦。2.Vowels:Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuch‘stricture’sothat‘airescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose’.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionoftheairstream.AlltheEnglishvowelsaretypicallyvoiced(voicing).2.2.1Descriptionsofconsonants1.Intermsofmannerofarticulation:Waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished:–(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;–(b)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;–(c)theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.•A.stops/plosives(爆破音)•B.nasals(鼻音)•C.fricatives(摩擦音)•D.approximant(近音)•E.lateral(边音)•F.affricates(塞擦音)2.Intermsofplaceofarticulation:Thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant:DescriptionofconsonantsDescriptionofconsonants3.Intermsofthestateofthevocalcords:A.voiced:consonantsproducedwhenthevocalcordsareclosed,andtheair-streamcausesthemtovibrateagaineachother.B.voiceless:consonantsproducedwhenvocalcordsareapart,andairpassesthrougheasily.Positionofthevocalfolds:voiceless(清音)Positionofthevocalfoldsvoiced(initial&thewidestaperture)(浊音)Positionofthevocalfoldsglottalstop(喉塞音button/ʔ/)2.2.2VowelsCardinalVowels,asexhibitedbythevoweldiagramintheIPAchart,areasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.基本元音通过国际音标表中的元音图来表示，是一套人为确定的、固定不变的元音音质，为实际语音中的元音描写提供一个参照的框架。2.3ThesoundsofEnglishReceivedPronunciation(RP)GeneralAmerican(GA)EnglishconsonantsClassificationofEnglishvowelsAdichotomy(两分法)1.Monophthongs(单元音):individualvowels2.Diphthongs(双元音):vowelswhicharepro