人工智能英文版

ArtificialintelligenceArtificialintelligenceistousecomputerstoanalogandinsteadofhumanbrain.Theadventofcomputershasmadeartificialintelligenceamajorbreakthrough.Thecomputercannotonlyreplacesomeofthehumanbrainfunction,butexceedthehumanbraingreatlyinspeedandaccuracy.Itcannotonlysimulatepartofanalysisandthecomprehensivefunction,butisgettingtodisplayacertaincharacteristicsofconsciousness.Itreallybecameanextensionofthehumanbrain.WhatisAI?Theexcitingnewefforttomakecomputersthinks…machinewithminds,inthefullandliteralsense”(Haugeland1985)“Theartofcreatingmachinesthatperformfunctionsthatrequireintelligencewhenperformedbypeople”(Kurzweil,1990)“Thestudyofmentalfacultiesthroughtheuseofcomputationalmodels”(Charniaketal.1985)Afieldofstudythatseekstoexplainandemulateintelligentbehaviorintermsofcomputationalprocesses”(Schalkol,1990)SystemsthatthinklikehumansSystemsthatthinkrationallySystemsthatactlikehumansSystemsthatactrationallyViewsofAIfallintofourcategories:WhatisAI?AISearchenginesLaborAppliancesScienceWhatelse?AIHondaHumanoidRobotWalkTurnStairsTuringtest(1936)Alanturing（1912-1954）Computerscanfoolpeople,peoplewhobelieveitisnotthemachine,thenitshouldbecalledintelligent.1956,theAmericanscholarMcCarthywhoisconsideredthefatherofartificialintelligenceoforganizedaSociety,manyexpertsandscholarsgatheredtogetherforadiscussionofuptotwomonths.InvitingthemtoparticipateintheSummerDartmouthArtificialIntelligenceResearchSociety.Sincethen,thisfieldisnamedartificialintelligenceMcCarthy麦卡锡BirthofAIMcCarthy麦卡锡Minsky明斯基Shannon香农BirthofAISimon-1975Newell-1975More,Samuel,Selfridge,Solomonff莫尔（Princeton），塞缪尔（IBM），塞尔夫里奇，索罗莫夫（MIT）BirthofAIInmachinelearning,in1957Rosenblatt(罗森布拉特)successfullydevelopedPerceptron(感知机);Intheoremproving,in1958WangHaointheIBM-704machinewitha3-5minuteprovedall220theorem“PrincipiaMathematica”intherelevantpropositionalcalculus;In1965,Robinsonmadeduetotheresolutionprinciple(归结原理);Inpatternrecognition(模式识别),1959Selfridge(塞尔福里奇)launchedapatternrecognitionprogram;1965Robertspreparedadistinguishedbuildingblockconstructionprocedures(可分辨积木构造程序);Thefirst10yearsofachievementIntermsofproblemsolving(问题求解):1960Newell(纽厄尔)compiledauniversalproblemsolver(GPS),cansolve11differenttypesofproblems;Inexpertsystems(专家系统):theresultsofthe1968Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆)developedDENDRALexpertsystemandputintouse;Intheartificialintelligencelanguage(人工智能语言):1960McCarthy(McCarthy)developedtheartificialintelligencelanguage-LISPlanguage.Thefirst10yearsofachievementSecondaryTranslation-MachineTranslationthespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweakthevodkaisgoodbutthemeatisrottenCombinatorialexplosionproblem(组合爆炸)Thefactthataprogramcanfindasolutioninprincipledoesnotmeansthattheprogramcontainsanyofthemechanismsneededtofinditinpractice.Perceptronlimitations(感知机局限性)Atwo-inputperceptroncannotbetrainedtorecognizewhenitstwoinputsaredifferent.Difficulties(thelate1960s)Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆)presentedKnowledgeEngineeringatthe5thIJCAI(InternationalJointConferenceOnArtificialIntelligence，国际人工智能联合会议)KnowledgeEngineering(1977)HopfieldNeuralNetworks(Hopfield,霍普菲尔德，1982)Back-propagationalgorithm(Rumelhart&McClelland,鲁梅尔哈特，麦克莱伦德1986)It’sthemostcommonneuralnetworkNeuralNetworksComputationalIntelligencethriving(90s-now)ArtificialNeuralNetwork人工神经网络GeneticAlgorithm遗传算法FuzzyReasoning模糊推理AntColonyAlgorithm蚁群算法ParticleSwarmOptimization粒子群优化ArtificialImmuneSystem人工免疫系统1956BirthEnthusiasm（狂热）1966DifficultiesNeuralNetworksReborn1986ComputationalIntelligence1969IJCAIwasheld1970AIwaslaunchedKnowledgeEngineering1977Present•国际人工智能联合会议TheHistoryofAIMay1997,theU.S.IBM‘s“DeepBlue”supercomputerbeattheworldchesschampionGarryKasparov(卡斯帕罗夫).ThegreatachievementsofartificialintelligenceAltificialintelligence(人工智能)Turingtest(图灵测试)patternrecognition(模式识别)expertsystems(专家系统)NeuralNetwork(神经网络)Thankyou!!