英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

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英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习简单句的五个基本句型主语+不及物动词Shecame..主语+及物动词+宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语+系动词+主语补语Sheishappy.主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook.Sheboughtabookforme.主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.(There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.主谓宾名/代--动词--名/代we--saw--you.we--did--thework.主系表名/代-系动词-形容次/名词/代词youarebeautifulyouseemsworried.youareastufent.相同点都三部分,主语也一样.不同动词和系动词,时态一样,否定式不同.动词加助动词,系动词不用.表语可以是形容词,宾语不行.只有宾语有补足语2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’mMissGreen.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:MynameisPingping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:Hecanspelltheword.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:Hewrotemealetter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:Hewrotealettertome.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghaiisabigcity.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:Heworkshard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/TheteacherwantedmetolearnFrenchallbymyself.(老师要我自学法语)8☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:WhereisyourclassmateTom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)1.主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast(名词)Helikesdancing.(代词)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.谓语(predicate):是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon3.表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.(名词)Youdon’tlookit.(代词)Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)Heisasleep.(形容词)Hisfatherisin.(副词)Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(表语从句)常见连系动词“存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在”。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:Thestorysoundstrue.Thoseorangestastegoodstar.2.“持续”类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:Whydon'tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwillstayfreshforseveraldays.It'salreadyteninthemorning.Thestoreremainsclosed.What'sthematter?3.“变化”类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调“变化”后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成),turn(变成),grow(变得),get(变得)等。例如:Putthefishinthefridge,oritwillgobadinhotweather.(三)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.①tired②worried③yellow④interested⑤first4.宾语:1)动宾表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:IlikeChina.(名词)Hehatesyou.(代词)Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.(数词)Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(宾语从句)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney(四)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.hishomework②English③yourpronunciation④newwords⑤togoswimming5.宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.(名词)Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)Don’tlethimdothat.(省to不定式)Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)Don’tkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)I’llhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)扩展:主补:对主语的补充。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?①toreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room②totaketheboyoutofschool③Lily④getonthebus⑤playingfootballontheplayground划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?6.定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Yanlingisachemistryteacher.(名词)Heisourfriend.(代词)Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(形容词)Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.(现在分词)Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(过去分词)Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)Yoush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