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Grammarandusage定语从句Finishtheattributiveclausesbelow:1.Thelesson__________westudiedyesterdaywashardtounderstand.2.Youcantakeanybook____interestsyoubest.thatwhich/thatPractice3.Peopleliketoliveinaplace_____there’sfreshairandlittlenoise.4.Thegirl__________yousawatthemeetingisawell-knownswimmer.5.Heistheveryworker_____picturewesawinthenewspaperyesterday.6.Hewasveryhappyontheday______________heenteredtheuniversity.wherewhom/thatwhoseonwhichwhen/7.Ineverreallyunderstandthereason____hemadesuchaseriousmistake.8.Don’treadsuchbooks__youcannotunderstand.9.Isthatthestudent_______youlentyourdictionary?towhomwhyas10.Isthisthenewnovel__________youhavetalkedsomuch?11.Thelittlehero,___hasgivenhislifeforhiscountry,willalwaysliveintheheartofthepeople.whowhich/thatWhat’sthedifferencebetweenNo.10andNo.11?No.No.10isarestrictiveclausewhileNo.11withacommaisanon-restrictiveclause.Question:1.定语从句(attributiveclauses)通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有:which(指物),that(既可指人又可指物),who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语),whom(指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语)等。关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等。Explanation2.定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive)和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。TrytofindtheattributiveclausesintheReadingsectiononpage42-43andtelltheirfunctions.restrictiveattributiveclauses:1.Theycontainaharmfulchemicalthatcausedmylivertofail.Practice2.Weshouldn’tbeashamedofthewaywelook,shouldwe?3.Thisisreallyatouchingstory—astrangerwhodonatedpartofhislivertoagirlhedoesn’tevenknow!1.Mymother,whomyoumetlastyear,keepstellingmenottotakethembecausetheyaredangerous.2.I’mtakingweight-losspillscalledFat-Less,whicharequitepopularamongyoungwomenhere.non-restrictiveattributiveclauses:3.Thenthedoctorfoundsomeoneinyourcountry,whosenameisLiDong,wasanexactmatchforme.4.It’sthesameinChina—manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweightatall,arealwaysgoingondietortakingweight-losspills,whichareoftendangerous.Differencesbetweentherestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclauses.DiscussionLookatthefollowingexamplesandtellthedifferencesbetweenthesentences.1.Hisfather,whoworksinBeijing,camebackyesterday.2.Shanghai,whichisinEastChina,isdevelopingrapidly.Example1Conclusion1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1.Ihaveasisterwho/thatworksinahospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2.Ihaveasister,whoworksinahospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。Example2不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3.Themagazinesherewhich/thathavenicepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.Themagazineshere,whichhavenicepicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.所有的杂志都是他写的,里面都有漂亮的图画。杂志有两类杂志只有一类Conclusion21.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。1.Thisisthehouse(which/that)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。Example3限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。非限制性定语从句Conclusion31.限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导且关系代词不可以省略。1.Thefamousbasketballstar,___comesfromAmerica,willvisitourschoolsoon.2.Inthosedays,sheusedtogotoMrblack,with_____shehadawonderfultime.3.Iboughtacaryesterday,_____costmealot.whichwhomwhoPractice4.Xi’an,______Ivisitedlastyear,isaniceoldcity.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,_____hewon’tbesobusy.6.Theschool,_____Ioncestudied,wasbuiltthirtyyearsago.whichwherewhen7.Johnsaidhe’dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_____wastrue.8.__weallknow,heisgoodatEnglish.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：I.as和which引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句。1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。Example:2.Sheisateacher,asisclearfromhermanner.她是个教师,这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。3.Hemissedtheshow,whichwasreallyagreatpity.他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。4.Heinvitedmetodinner,whichmademeveryhappy.他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。Conclusion1.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,as和which可代替整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于：(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,as引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。Practice1.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_____cameasasurprise.2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.3.__isexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.Aswhichwhich4.Itrainedhardyesterday,_____preventedmefromgoingtothepark.5.__wecansee,thesmokecamefromthelittledustbin.whichAsII.all/some/of+whom/which引导非限制性定语从句Example:1.Hehastoldusmanystories,allofwhichareaboutthefamousLongMatch.2.ThestudentsofClass1,someofwhomcamefromJapan,wentcampingyesterday.Conclusion在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如all/some/one/both/neither/none/any/either/any等可与of构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。1.Manystudentsinthisschool,someofwhicharenotoverweight,aregoingondiets.2.Thereare54studentsinmyclassandtenofwhomcomefromUS.whomCorrection:them3.Halfamillionpairsofshoesareproducedbytheworkershereeveryyear,80%ofwhomaresoldabroad.4.Ihavemanyfriendsinthistown,someofwhicharebusinessman.5.Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofthemarequitehelpfultomyhealth.whichwhich或all前加andwhomPracticetime1.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,____,