SectionⅡLearningaboutLanguageItwasafrighteningnight.这是一个令人恐惧的夜晚。frightening典例辨析Ireadafrighteningstory.我读了一个可怕的故事。frightening/frightened/frighten(1)frighteningadj.令人恐惧的(主语通常是事物,表示某事物令人害怕)Darknessisfrighteningtomanychildren.黑暗令许多孩子害怕。(2)frightenedadj.受惊的;受恐吓的(主语通常是人,表示某人对某事物感到害怕)Hewasfrightenedatseeingme.看见我,他吓了一大跳。(3)frightenvt.使惊吓;吓到Bequiet,oryou'llfrightenthebaby.安静些,不然你会吓到婴儿的。运用用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空①Iwas________atthesightaftertheearthquake.②Theruinsafterthequakewere________.③Thestorm________thechildren.frightenedfrighteningfrightened定语从句(I)由关系代词that,which,who,whose引导的定语从句定语从句是中学一个非常重要的语法内容,对于阅读、写作尤其有用,同学们可以根据课本后的附录和本册书里的讲解用“列表法”攻克这一语法重点。一、概念定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。其作用相当于形容词。先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。关系词(引导词):引导定语从句,连接主句与从句的词叫作关系词,分关系代词(that,which,who,whose等)和关系副词(when,where,why等)两类。注意:关系词的选用由先行词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分决定。限制性定语从句:是修饰先行词必不可少的成分,去掉从句后整个句子的意义就不能成立或意思不清楚。含限制性定语从句的复合句通常翻译为“……的”,置于先行词前。如:Themanwhorobbedhimhasbeenarrested.抢劫他的人已经被逮捕了。It'sthebesthotelthatIhaveknown.这是我所知道的最好的旅馆。非限制性定语从句:对所修饰的词没有限定词义的作用,而是作一些补充说明,通常都用一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开,去掉非限制性定语从句对剩下部分没有太大的影响。在译成中文时,这个从句多译成一个并列句。如:Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggestedstoppingatthenexttown.彼得开了一整天的车,他建议在下个镇停一停。Football,whichisaveryexcitinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.全世界都在踢足球,它是一项令人兴奋的运动。关系词指代对象在定语从句中充当的成分例句that人或物主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略;但which前有介词时不可省略)Thegirlthat/whotoldusthenewsishissister.那个告诉我们消息的女孩是他妹妹。Hegavemeabookwhich/thatwasboughtintheUK.他给了我一本在英国买的书。Thisisthecar(which/that)heboughtlastyear.这就是他去年买的车。WevisitedthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.我们参观了鲁迅先生住过的房子。Thelady(who/that)wemetintheparkcomesfromAmerica.我们在公园见过的那位女士来自美国。Thegirlwhosefatherhadgivenusareportgotfirst.她的爸爸给我们作过报告的那个女孩得了第一。Helivesinahousewhosedoorfacessouth.=Helivesinahousethedoorofwhichfacessouth.他住在一所门朝南的房子里。(注:whose=the...of+which/whom)which物who人whose人或物定语二、关系代词that,which,who,whose的用法三、关系代词的特殊用法1.指代物时用which不用that的情况(1)当动词短语的介词提前时。如:Thepenwithwhichheiswritingwasboughtyesterday.他正用来写字的笔是昨天买的。(2)先行词本身为that时。如:Thatwhichyoutoldhimaboutisexciting.你告诉他的事是令人兴奋的。(3)引导非限制性定语从句时(可修饰一个先行词,也可修饰整个主句)。如:Thisishishouse,whichis50yearsold.(which指代“房子”)这是他的房子,有50多年了。Tomwaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherangry.(which指代主句)汤姆又迟到了,这使他的老师很生气。2.只用that引导定语从句的情况(1)先行词是不定代词,如some,all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone时。如:IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?我能为你做点什么吗?ThatisallthatIknow.这是我所知道的全部。(2)先行词被only,few,little,just,right,any,all,one,no等修饰时。如:Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.你可以在任何一个空位坐下。Thereislittletimethatwecanuse.我们能用的时间几乎没有了。Ireadallthebooksthatyougaveme.你给我的书我全都看了。(3)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame等修饰时。如:Thisistheonlybookthatcanbeusefulforus.这是唯一一本对我们有用的书。ThisistheverythingthatI'mafter.这正是我所追求的。(4)先行词前被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:ItisthefirstcompositionthatIhavewritteninEnglish.这是我写的第一篇英语作文。Thisisthemostinterestingfilmthatwehaveeverseen.这是我们看过的最有意思的电影。(5)先行词为数词时。如:YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.昨天我捉了两条鱼把它们放入了一盆水里。现在你可以看到它们还是活的。(6)先行词中既有人又有物时。如:Hetoldusthepeopleandtheplacesthathehadvisited.他告诉我们他曾拜访过的人,参观过的地方。(7)主句中有who,whom或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。如:Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?那个正在那边看报纸的人是谁?Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?你最喜欢哪本书?(8)先行词为主句的表语而关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时。如:Myhomevillageisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.我的家乡再也不是以前的那个小村庄了。用适当的关系代词填空1.Thegirls________servedintheshopweretheowner'sdaughters.2.Theladderon________Iamstandingwasboughtinthesupermarket.3.Thegirl________Ispoketowasastudent.4.Hehidesallthepeopleandthings________heknows.5.Hesawahouse________windowswereallbroken.6.Alltheapples________fallareeatenbywildbears.7.Canyouthinkofanyone________couldlookafterhim?8.Thisisthebestrestaurant________Ihaveknown.who/thatwhichwho/thatthatwhosethatthatthat9.Heshowedamachine________partsaretoosmalltobeseen.10.Youcantakeanyroom________youlike.11.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,________wasmorethanwecouldexpect.12.Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,after________hewentontoBeijingUniversity.13.AmongthewinnersstandslittleTom________fatherisseriouslyillinhospital.14.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm________wevisitedthreemonthsago?whosethatwhichwhichwhosethat/which