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1【1】Insuranceisthesharingof_______(1).Nearlyeveryoneisexposed______(2)ofsomesort.Thehouseowner,forexample,knowsthathis_______(3)canbedamagedbyfire;theshipownerknowsthathisvesselmaybelostatsea;thebreadwinnerknowsthathemaydieby________(4)and________(5)hisfamilyinpoverty.Ontheotherhand,noteveryhouseisdamagedbyfireoreveryvessellostatsea.Ifthesepersonseachputa________(6)sumofmoneyintoapool,therewillbeenoughto_______(7)theneedsofthefewwhodosuffer________(8).Inotherwordsthelossesofthefewaremetfromthecontributionsofthe_______(9).Thisisthebasisof________(10).Thosewhopaythecontributionsareknownas________(11)andthosewhoadministerthepoolofthecontributionsasinsurer.The________(12)foraninsurancenaturallydependsonhowtheriskistohappenassuggested________(13)pastexperience.Ifthecompaniesfixtheirpremiumstoo________(14),therewillbemorecompetitionintheirbranchofinsuranceandtheymaylose_________(15).Ontheotherhand,iftheymakethepremiumstoolow,theywillnothave_________(16)andmayevenhavetodropout__________(17)business.Sotheordinaryforcesofsupplyand__________(18)keeppremiumsataproper________(19)tobothinsurersandthosewho_________(20)insurance.【2】Motivationis“thedrivingforcewithinindividualsthatimpelsthemtoaction.”Andgoalsarethesought-afterresults_______(1)motivatedbehavior.Motivationcanbeeitherpositiveornegative________(2)direction.Wemayfeeladrivingforcetowardsomeobjectorcondition,_________(3)adrivingforceawayfromsomeobjectorcondition.Forexample,apersonmaybeimpelledtowardarestauranttofulfillaneed,hunger,andaway________(4)anairplanetofulfillaneedofsafety.Somepsychologistsrefertopositivedrives________(5)needs,wantsordesires,_______(6)negativedrivesasfearsoraversions.________(7),thoughnegativeandpositivemotivationalforcesseemtodifferdramatically_________(8)termsofphysicalandsometimesemotionalactivity,2theyarebasicallysimilarin________(9)theybothservetoinitiateandsustainhumanbehavior.________(10)thisreason,researchersoftenrefer________(11)bothkindsofdrivesofmotivesasneeds,wantsanddesires.Goals,________(12),canbeeitherpositiveornegative.Apositivegoalisonetoward________(13)behaviorisdirectedanditisoftenreferredtoasanapproachobject.Anegativegoalis________(14)fromwhichbehaviorisdirectedawayanditissometimesreferredtoasanavoidanceobject.Sincebothapproachandavoidancegoalscanbeconsideredobjectivesofmotivatedbehavior,mostresearchersrefersto________(15)typessimplyasgoals.Considerthisexample.Amiddle-agedwomanmaywishtoremain________(16)attractiveaspossible.Herpositivegoalistoappeardesirable,and________(17)shemayuseaperfumeadvertisedtomakeherirresistible.Anegativegoalmaybetopreventherskin_______(18)aging,andthereforeshemaybuyandusefacecreams._________(19)theformercase,sheusesperfumetohelpherachieveherpositivegoal–attractiveness;inthe_______(20)case,sheusesfacecreamstohelpavoidanegativegoal–wrinkledskin.【3】Agoodtranslatorisbydefinitionbilingual.Theoppositeisnot_______(1)true,however.Abornandbredbilingualwillstillneedtwo______(2)tobecomeatranslator:first,theskillsandexperiencenecessaryfor_______(3);second,knowledgeofthefieldinwhichheorshewill________(4).Theskillsandexperiencefortranslationincludetheabilitytowrite_______(5)inthetargetlanguage,theabilitytoreadandunderstandthe________(6)languagematerialthoroughly,andtheabilitytoworkwiththelatest________(7)andcommunicationhardwareandsoftware.Doseabornandbredbilingual________(8)abettertranslatorthansomeonewholearnedlanguageBlaterin______(9)?Thereisnodefiniteanswer,butthefollowingissuesareimportant.________(10),abornandbredbilingualoftensuffersfromnottrulyknowing________(11)languagewellenoughtotranslate,3withsomeevensufferingfromwhat________(12)knownasalingualism,astateinwhichapersonlacks________(13)full,fluentcommandofanylanguage.Second,bornandbredbilinguals_______(14)don’tknowthecultureofthetargetlanguagewellenoughto________(15)top-qualitytranslations,orcannotrecognizewhataspectsofthesourcelanguage_________(16)itscultureneedtobetreatedwithparticularcare,asthey_________(17)inasensetooclosetothelanguage.Andlast,theyoften_________(18)theanalyticallinguisticskillstoworkthroughastickytext.On________(19)otherhand,theacquiredbilingualmaynothavethesamein-depth_________(20)ofcolloquialisms,slang,anddialectthatthebornbilingualhas.Also,theacquiredbilingualwillnotbeabletotranslateasreadilyinbothdirections(fromBtolanguageAandAtolanguageB).Finally,bornbilingualsoftenhaveagreaterappreciationofthesubtletiesandnuancesofboththeirlanguagesthansomeonewholearnstheirBlanguagelaterinlifecaneverhopetohave.【4】StatisticsfromChina________(1)bemindboggling:1.2billion_________(2),1.73trillioncigarettessmokedinayear,7,000different________(3)ofwoodyplants.Butamidallofthesestaggeringsums,onefactoidstands________(4)forbothitsaudacioussizeandforwhatitsaysaboutChina’sfuture:thereare630millionChineseundertheageof24.That’salotof________(5)energytoburn.Materialismmaybethe________(6)preoccupationamongChina’syoungpeoplethesedays,butjustbeneaththesurfaceliesafeeling________(7)woundednationalistprideandanever-deepeningspiritualhunger.Itisn’tclearwhe