中国文化概况_chapter_11

Chapter11ArchitectureGroup12AGlimpseofChineseCultureTeachingAssignmentsArchitectureinancientChineseandfamousstylesofancientChinesearchitecture.(CaoLihua)TypicalChineseStructuresandornament.(AnYaping)Chinesebridges.(ZouDawei)PartOneCaoLihuaArchitectureinAncientChinaTheCharacteristicsofChineseAncientArchitectureTimber（木材）frameworkPlain,flexibleandbeautifullayout(布局)ThebuildingmaterialsTheartisticroofdesignThecolorfuldecorationsTimberframeworkAncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframeworkasthesupportingstructure.Wallswerenotloadbearing;theywereonlyusedtoseparatespaces.Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse.Theframeworkwasresistanttoearthquakeswhilepossessingtheadvantagesofflexibilityandadaptability.Plain,flexibleandbeautifullayoutChinesestructuresarebasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry（对称）.Themainstructureistheaxis(轴线).Thesecondarystructuresarepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomandyard.ThebuildingmaterialsWoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks.Althoughthetimberweretransportable,itwaseasytobeattractedbythefire,sotheancientChinesealsousedbricksandtiles(瓦片，瓷砖).Asweallknow,thecoloroftherooftilesindicatedthestatusoftheresidents.Now,whocantellusaboutitindetail?Bluetiles:usedfortheprince’sresidences.Yellow-glazedtiles:fortemples,imperialfamilyresidences.Gray-tiledroofs:forthosewhoarenon-imperial,includingthoseofnoblesandrichlandlords.TheartisticroofdesignAncientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves（屋檐）.Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls.WhyancientChineseplacedanimalfiguresonroofridges?Becauseitwasbelievedthatimmoralbeingsandvariousbeatsservedtoprotectsacred(神圣的)buildingsandkeepevilspiritsaway.What’stherelationshipbetweenarchitectureinancientChinaandmodernChina?Frommyperspective,ancientbuildingsreflecttherespectfortheenvironment,andadhereto(遵循)theenvironmentalcharacteristicsandgeographicalfeatures.Although,modernarchitecturesareusuallyadopttowesternarchitecturalstyles,theancientarchitecturaluniqueapplicationofwoodstructurestillhaveadeepinfluencetomodernconstruction.ThecolorfuldecorationsColoredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration,butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection.Initially,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis（防腐）whilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament（装饰）.Theuseofcolorwasrestricted,usually,agoldpower(金粉)orfoildragon(铝箔龙)orphoenix(凤凰)paintedonagreenbackgroundgivesthestructureanobleimage.FamousStylesofAncientChineseArchitectureTherearevariousarchitecturalstylesinChinesehistory,ofwhichtheimperial,religiousandcivilianarchitectureshavetheirowncharacteristics.ImperialArchitectureImperialmausoleums(皇家陵墓)areimportantexamplesofancientChinesearchitecturesincetheyusuallyrepresentedthehighestarchitecturaltechniquesoftheirtimes.Thesemausoleums(陵墓)wereusuallybuiltagainsthillsormountainsandfaceplains.Otherimperialstructuressuchasdrainage(排水)systemsbeneathhugehillsofclay,wereoftenbuiltbesidethetombs.Imperialpalaces(皇家宫殿)arewhereemperorslivedandadministeredtheircourtduringtheirreign(统治时期).Theyarethemostrevered,luxuriousandgrandiose(宏伟的)architecturaltypesfromancientChina.Examples:ForbiddenCityinBeijingandImperialpalaceinShenyang.ThenumberninecarriedaspecialmeaninginancientChina.Itwasdeemedthatodd(奇数)numbersrepresentyangwhileeven(偶数)numbersyin.Sincenineisthelargestoddnumberunderten,itwasregardedanextremelyluckynumber.So,emperorslikedtomonopolize(垄断)ittosymbolizetheirsuperiority.Designsrelatedtonineappearedalmostoneveryimperialstructure.OnthegateoftheForbiddenCity,thereare81gold-platedbronzestuds(饰钉)whichwerearrangedinninecolumns(列)andninerows(行).CivilianResidentialHousingSinceChinaisacountryofdiversenaturalenvironmentsandculturaltraditions,itscivilianresidentialhousingfeaturesdiversestyles.Beijingquadrangles(北京四合院)QuadrangledwellingsinBeijingareformedbyfourinward-facinghouses,linkedbyenclosingwalls.Theprincipalroomatthecenteriswherefamilyrituals(仪式)takeplaceanddistinguishedguestsarewelcomed.Thehousesallfaceacourtyard,connectedbyverandas(走廊).Shanxicavedwellings(窑洞)CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau(黄土高原)ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thenaturalconditionofdryweather,coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings.Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.Types:cliff(崖庄窑)，ground(下沉式地坑院窑洞)，andhoop(箍窑).HuizhouresidentialhousesHuizhouresidentialhousesembracedlocalphysicalfeaturesofthearea.Theyincorporated(合并，包括在内)fengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrends,withblacktiles,whitewallsanddecorationsplacedelegantlyonupturned(向上翘的)eaves.Agardenstylewasamajorfeatureoftheseoldbuildings.Allbuildingshadexquisite(精致的)wood,stoneandbrickcarvingsonthedoorsandwindows.Hakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土楼)Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare,andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams.Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors,butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors.Includingthehousesintheyard,suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families