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(1)Alargemainmemorycanbeusedforstoringa,b,c.a.datab.operatingsystemc.applicationsd.interface(2)Earlycomputersolvedc,dproblems.a.controlb.businessapplicationsc.engineeringd.mathematical(3)Thesystemmanagerusedbyafastprocessorcana,b,c.a.resetasystemb.monitorprocessor’scoretemperaturec.monitorprocessor’ssupplyvoltagesd.connectanetwork(4)Wecansayabusissimplya,c,d.a.agroupofwiresb.awirec.a8-bitbusd.a16-bitbus(5)Acomputersystemusergenerallymorecaresforb,c,d.a.physicalsizeofthecomputerb.storagesizec.speedofcomputationd.efficiencyofthecomputer(6)Accordingtothephysicalsizeofcomputerswecanclassifythecomputersintoa,b,c,d.a.microcomputerb.minicomputerc.mainframed.supercomputer(7)Thebasichardwarecomponentsofanycomputerincludea,b,c,d.a.CPUb.mainmemoryc.inputdevicesd.outputdevices(8)Thefollowingdevicesarebelongtothemassstoragesa,b,d.a.DVDb.CD-ROMc.moused.disk(1)Cacheisa,c,d.a.fastb.slowc.relativelysmalld.highcost(2)InformationstoredinsemiconductorRAMisb,c.a.permanentb.nonpermanentc.volatiled.nonvolatile(3)Weusepagedvirtualmemorytoa,b,c,d.a.extendthesizeofmemoryb.increasebandwidthofthediskc.reducelatencyofthediskd.storelargeprogramanddataset(4)Wereaddataonthediskbya,d.(5)Thethreedesiderataofmemorysystemareb,c.a.independentb.exclusivec.closelyapproximatedtodayd.Lessapproximatedtomorrow(6)Theprocessorperformancewouldbehighaswereferenceinstructionsanddatafromb,d.a.harddiskb.cachec.floppydiskd.memory(7)Pageframeisusedina.a.realmemoryb.virtualmemoryc.diskd.cache(8)Inordertoincreaseourcomputer’sperformanceweneedtoa,b,c,a.haveaL2cacheb.buyaL2cachec.haveamuchlargermainmemoryd.buyaL1cache(1)RISCisb,c,d.a.abbreviationofcomplexinstructionsetcomputerb.abbreviationofreducedinstructionsetcomputerc.guidedtobebuiltfromstudyingtheexecutionbehaviorofhigh-levellanguageprogramsd.usedformanycomputermanufacturersnowadays(2)Toenhanceperformanceofacomputersystemweshoulda,b,d.a.improvethepatternofreferencingoperandb.optimizethesimplemovementofdatac.useIFandLOOPinstructionsasmanyaspossibled.optimizethebasicsequencecontrolmechanism(5)Registerstoragehasb,d.a.alargecapacityb.asmallcapacityc.theslowerspeedd.thefasterspeed(6)InstructionformatinRISChasa,c,d.a.onekindb.manykindsc.afewkindsd.oneorafewkinds(7)CISCmachineinstructionscomparedwithRISCmachinearea,d.a.morecomplicatedb.moresimplec.morefastertobeexecutedd.moreslowertobeexecuted(8)FunctionsofthecompilerusedinRISCareb,c,d.a.tocompileahighlevellanguageprogramb.tooptimizeregisterusagec.tomaximizeregisterusaged.toallocateregisterstothosevariablesthatwillbeusedthemostinagiventimeperiod(9)OnemachinecycleinRISChasc.a.twomachineinstructionsb.threemachineinstructionsc.onemachineinstructiond.fourmachineinstructions(10)Theregisterfileisa,c,d.a.physicallysmallb.physicallylargec.onethesamechipastheCPUd.addressedbymuchshorteraddressesOperatingsystemsandmiddlewareb,c,da.havelessincommonb.bothcansupportothersoftwarec.havemuchincommond.bothcansupportapplicationprograms2.AnoperatingsystemprovidestheservicesinitsAPIbya,c,da.usingthefeaturesofthehardwareb.offeringdatabaseaccessibilityc.usingdiskdrive’sabilityd.offeringfixed-lengthblocksofdata4.Middlewareliesinb,c,da.thetopofthelayeringverticalstackb.themiddleofthelayeringverticalstackc.thetopofanoperatingsystemd.themiddleofinteractionsbetweendifferentapplicationprograms5.Thefollowingproductsofsoftwarearebelongtomiddlewarea,b,ca.IBM’sWebSphereMQb.Java2Platformc.J2EEd.Oracle6.AmechanismfortranslatingInternethostnamesintoIPaddressesisa,c,da.typicallyoutsideofoperatingsystemkernelb.typicallyinsideofoperatingsystemkernelc.equippedintothegeneral-purposeoperatingsystemd.asamiddlewarebyauthor’sdefinition7.Withmiddlewarewecanb,c,da.runprogramsonacentralizedcomputersystemonlyb.keepcomputationslargelyisolatedfromundesirableinteractionsc.runprogramsondifferentcomputersystemd.allowcomputationstocommunicatewithoneanother8.Middlewarehasmechanismstosupportcontrolledinteractionthrougha,b,c,da.communicationb.namingc.persistentstoraged.coordination1.Beforeyouturnthepoweronwithanewcomputer,youshouldmakesurea,b,c,d.a.thecomputerisalreadyoutoftheboxb.appropriatecablesarecorrectlyconnectedc.thecomputersystemhasbeensetupd.appropriatesoftwarehavebeeninstalled2.Anasleepstateisa,c,d.a.alowpowerstandbymodeb.indicatedbytheindicatorlightputtingoutc.usedforsavingenergyd.usedtolessenwear-andtearonthecomputer4.Duringthebootprocedurewecanseea,b,conthescreen.a.amountofmemoryb.thenumberofattacheddevicesc.theoperatingsystembeingusedd.beepsandwhirlingnoises5.Auserinterfacewesaidhereisa,b,d.a.aninteractionbetweenanoperatingsystemandauserb.aninteractionbetweenanapplicationprogramandauserc.aninterfacebetweenacomputeranditsperipheraldeviced.atext-baseduserinterfaceorGUI6.TodayMicrosoft’soperatingsystemWindowshasavarietyofversions,theyarea,b,c,d.a.Windows2007b.Windows2003c.WindowsXPd.Windowsvista7.TheWindowsdesktopcontainscommonelements,suchas.a.desktopiconsb.taskbarc.Startbuttond.taskbutton9.WiththewindowoftheGUIwecanuse.a.menusb.dialogboxesc.iconsd.documents10.MainmenucategoryinsomeMicrosoftprograms.a.isamenu