Degremont水处理手册(第7版)-1

WATERTREATMENTHANDBOOK7THEDITIONWATERTREATMENTHANDBOOK7THEDITIONThe7theditionoftheWaterTreatmentHandbook,atranslationofthe10thFrencheditionoftheMémentoTechniquedel'Eauwhichistheinternationalreferenceworkinthefieldofwatertreatment,waspublishedinMay2007.Thisnewversion,completelyrevisedtoincorporateadvancesintechnology,atteststoDegrémont'sambitionanddesiretoteachandshareitstechnicalknowledgewiththemanykeyplayersinwatertreatment.Areferenceworkforwatertreatmentworldwidesinceitsfirstpublicationin1950,theWaterTreatmentHandbookisthebrainchildofGilbertDegrémont,founderofthecompany.Theaimwastoofferengineersaneverydayaidbysummarisingthemathematical,chemicalandhydraulicfundamentals.SpearheadedbyJean-MarieRovelandPierreMouchet,twoDegrémontexpertsrecognisedinternationallybytheirpeers,over35peoplehaveworkedformorethantwoyearstopooltheirknowledgeandexperience.ORGANISATIONThisneweditionrepeatsthetwo-volumepresentationfamiliartothereaderofpreviouseditions:waterfundamentalsDegrémontprocessesandtreatmentsorganisedintreatmentchannels.Thechaptershavebeenentirelyreviewedandupdatedtotakeaccountofmajortechnologicaladvancesandcurrentnewproducts:membraneseparationdevelopmentoffixed(Biofor®)andmixed(Méteor®)culturessludgedryingandincinerationreducedsludgeproduction(Biolysis®)automation-relatedissues(control-regulation,maintenanceassistance).CHARACTERISTICSThe7theditionoftheHandbookis:10,000printedworks1,000writingdays+60%totallynewtext2inseparablevolumes1904pages-volume1:880pages-volume2:1,024pages1,447figures,photosandtables.CHAPTERSVOLUME11-Water-AFundamentalelement2-Whatwatershouldwetreat?AndWhy?3-Fundamentalphysical-chemicalengineeringprocessesapplicabletowatertreatment4-Fundamentalbiologicalengineeringprocessesapplicabletowatertreatment5-Wateranalysisandtreatability6-Aquaticorganisms7-Corrosioninmetalandconcrete8-FormularyVOLUME29-Pre-treatments10-Flocculators-Settlingtanks-Flotationunits11-Biologicalprocesses12-Methanefermentation13-Filters14-Usingionexchangers15-Separationbymembranes16-Degasification,odourcontrol,evaporation17-Oxidation-Disinfection18-Liquidsludgetreatment19-Dewateredsludgetreatment20-Reagentstorageandfeeding21-Instrumentation,control-regulation22-Drinkingwatertreatment23-Treatingmunicipalwastewater24-Treatmentandconditioningofindustrialwater25-Industrialprocessesandeffluenttreatment183,avenuedu18juin194092508Rueil-MalmaisonCedexTél:0033146256000Fax:[phone]°6005-October2007-Mediagerance01421221911WATER,AFUNDAMENTALELEMENTINTRODUCTIONThroughouttheuniversethereisonemoleculewhichmanseeksaboveallothersforitsdiscoveryintheatmosphereofsomedistantplanetwouldimmediatelyunleashmankind'swildestdreams.Thismoleculemaybeeasilydepictedasasimpletriangledistinguishedbyaninteratomicangleof105°owingtotheelectronegativityoftwoofitspoles.Ifitsbondswereexclusivelycovalent,thisanglewouldbe90°.Thewatermoleculehasanelectricmomentthatisreflectedinitsphysicalandelectricproperties.TheformulaforwatercanthusbeverysimplywrittenasH2O.Water-theverywordbringstomindanimagebornofrecentspacevoyagesthepictureofablueplanet:Earth.Wateristhemostcommonmineralontheearth'ssurface.Itmakesupthehydrosphere.Itsvolumeisestimatedat1370millioncubickilometers;thevolumeoffreshwaterdistributedbetweenrivers,lakesandgroundwaterisconsideredtobebetween500,000andonemillioncubickilometers.ThevolumeofChap.l;Water,afundamentalelementpolaricecapsrepresents25millioncubickilometersoffreshwater.Finally,thereare50,000cubickilometersofwaterintheatmosphereintheformofvapourandclouds.Annualevaporationisestimatedat500,000cubickilometersandprecipitationonthecontinentsiscalculatedat120,000cubickilometersyearly.Aboveall,however,waterisasynonymforbiologicallife.Itisthemajorcomponentoflivingmatter.Ontheaverage,itaccountsfor80%ofitscomposition.Inhigheranimals,thepercentageofwaterisbetween60and70%.Inmarineorganisms,suchasjelly-fishandcertainalgae,theproportionsreachextremesof98%.Ontheotherhand,bacteriainastateofsporulationorsuspendedanimation,whichmakesthemresistant,experienceadropinwatercontentto50%.Aprincipalelementinthemineralandbiologicalworlds,waterisalsothepreeminentvectoroflifeandhumanactivity.Atpresent,theworld'suseofwater,countingdomestic,industrialandagricultural,totalsanimpressive250m3perpersonperyear.Moreover,disparitiesareenormous:from100m3fordevelopingcountriesto1500m3fortheUnitedStates.Man'sneedforwateris,thus,certaintogrow.Thismakesitimperativethatwaterbeprotected.Itmustbetreated,whethertoproducewaterforgeneralconsumption,orforspecificindustrialusesortolimitthedischargeofpollutionintotheenvironment.1.THEPHYSICALSTRUCTUREOFWATER1.1THETHREESTATESThestructureofwaterdependsonitsphysicalstate.Thegaseousstate(vapour)correspondsexactlytotheformulaH20andinparticulartothetriangulardiagramshowninFigure1.Thecondensedstates(waterandice)are,however,morecomplicatedandthisaccountsfortheirabnormalproperties.Inthesolidstate,theelementaryarrangementconsistsofacentralwatermoleculeandfourperipheralmole.1.Thephysicalstructureofwaterculesformingtheshapeofatetrahedron(fi