文体学第三次课--basic-concepts

ConceptsofStylesReviewingQuestionsQuestionsandExercises1.Howdoyoudefinestylistics?2.Specifythegoalsofstylisticinquiry.DoyouthinkthatitisequallyeasytoattainthetwogoalsputforwardbyHalliday?Why(orwhynot?)3.BothHallidayandShorthavementionedthreecomponentsofstylisticinquiry.Whatarethey?Whatarepossiblerelationsbetweenthreecomponentparts?4.Whatisthenatureofstylisticanalysis?5.Whataretheneedsforstylistics?What’sthepurposeofstylistics?6.Useexamplestoillustratewhattextisandwhatcontextis.II.ConceptsofStylisticsStylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.QianYuan(2006:1)Itstudiestheuseoflanguageinspecificcontextandattemptstoaccountforthecharacteristicsthatmarkthelanguageuseofindividualsandsocialgroups.Althoughstylisticssometimesincludesinvestigationofspokenlanguage,itisusuallyconcernedwiththeexaminationofwrittenlanguage,particularlyliterarytexts.(1)Stylisticstudyhelpscultivateasenseofappropriateness*Whospeakswhatlanguagetowhomandwhen*Properwordsinproperplacesmakethetruedefinitionofastyle.--SwiftAppropriateuseoflanguageisconsideredthekeytoeffectivecommunication.First,acertainstyleisdeterminedbythecharacteristicsoftheUSERoflanguage,suchastheage,sex,education,socio-regionalorethnicbackground.Second,it’srelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheUSEoflanguageinsituation:#role-relationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee(degreeofintimacy)#mediumofcommunication(speechorwriting)#setting:privateorpublic#purposeforwhichlanguageisused(toinform,persuade…)II.StylisticstudysharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworksIII.StylisticstudyhelpsachieveadaptationintranslationTheGoalsofStylisticStudyThefirstis“toshowwhyandhowthetextmeanswhatitdoes”(Halliday1983:x).Thesecondgoalisthatof“showingwhythetextisvaluedasitis”(1983:x).ComponentsofStylisticAnalysisStylisticsanalysisinvolvesdescription,interpretationandevaluation.Descriptionislogicallypriortointerpretationbecauseareasonablyconvincinginterpretationofaliterarytextisonlyderivedfromacarefulandsystematicexaminationofitslanguage.Interpretationisalsologicallypriortoevaluation.AsShortmosthumorouslyputsit,“itmakesnosensetosay‘IthinkXisgoodbecauseIdon’tunderstandit’”(1984:15).Shortfurtherexplainsthat“Indeed,anevaluationofe.g.apoemisalwaysrelativetosomeinterpretation”(1985:15).Iv.TheNatureofStylisticAnalysisStylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;thatis,whatitisthatispeculiartotheusesoflanguageinatextfordeliveringthemessage.Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.Stylisticanalysisisanactivitywhichishighlycomparativeinnature.WatchaMovieClipofJobInterviewHowtoaskquestionsinapoliteway?ConceptsofStylesTocarryoutastylisticanalysis,itisnecessarytofirstofallbeclearaboutwhatitisinaliterarytextthatshouldbedescribed.Howisstyledefined?Belowareadozenofdefinitions:1.Styleasform(Aristotle)2.Styleaseloquence(Cicero[古罗马政治家，雄辩家]）3.Styleistheman(Buffon)4.Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy(特质、特性)(Murry)5.Sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway.(Enkvist)6.Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions(Enkvist)7.Styleasequivalence(均衡)(Jakobson)8.Styleasforegrounding(前景)(Leech&Short)9.Styleasdeviation(偏离常规)(Mukarovsky&Spitzer)10.Styleasprominence(凸出显眼部分)(Halliday)11.Styleastheselectionoffeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,theme,etc.(Traugott&Patt)12.Styleasthelinguisticfeaturesthatcommunicateemotionsandthought(Enkvist)ThreeViewsonStyleInthefollowingsection,wewillconsiderthreeoftheseviews,namelystyleasdeviance,styleaschoice,andstyleasforegrounding.2.1StyleasdevianceDeviate---deviation----deviant---devianceDeviate:turnaway,leave(whatisusual,customary,right,etc)Thedistinctivenessofaliterarytextresidesinitsdeparturefromthecharacteristicsofwhatiscommunicativelynormal.Policeman:What’syourname,boy?Blackpsychiatrist:DrPoussaint.I’maphysician.Policeman:What’syourfirstname,boy?Blackpsychiatrist:Alvin.2.1StyleasdevianceProposedbyJanMukarovsky,aleadinglinguistandliterarycriticofPragueSchoolinthe1930’s.Hisfamousessay“Standardlanguageandpoeticlanguage”hasbeenregardedasaclassicinstylistics.Inthisessay,hestatesthat“theviolationofthenormofstandard,itssystematicviolationiswhatmakespossiblethepoeticutilizationoflanguage;withoutthispossibilitytherewouldbenopoetry”(1970:42).Accordingtohim,normalusesoflanguage“automatize”languagetosuchanextentthatitsspeakernolongerseesitsexpressiveoraestheticpower;poetrymust“de-automatize”orforeground”languagebybreakingtherulesofeverydaylanguage.thephrase“agriefago”whatImeanbythelanguageofliterature–thewaysinwhichitdrawsonthefulllinguisticresourcesofEnglishtoachievespecialeffects.Inwhatwaydoesthephrasebreakthenormalrules?SyntacticallySemanticallyThephraseviolatestworulesofEnglish:first,thedefinitearticleaclashessyntacticallywiththeuncountablenoungrief,becauseitnormallymodifiesacountableone;secondly,thepostmodifyingadverbagoclashessemanticallywiththeheadwordgrief,foritusuallyisabletomodifyanountodowithtime.Butgriefisawo