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Chapter2Surface-structureDeviation•Fourtypesofdeviation:phonological,graphological,lexical,andsyntactic•2.1PhonologicalDeviation:•(I)Omission•A:Aphesis(字首音省略)：theomissionofaninitialpartofaword,e.g.Thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion,Loosecloudslikeearth’sdecayingleavesareshed,•(Commotion:disturbanceandturbulence,hubbub;steep:sheer)LearnthenwhatmoralscriticsoughttoshowFor’tisbuthalfajudge’stas,toknow.•(AlexanderPope:AnEssayonCriticism)•B:Syncope（字中音省略）:theomissionofamedialpartofaword,e.g.Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheardInspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,BreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebrides•（Wordsworth:TheSolitaryReaper）•Notes:Hebrides[’hebridi:z]:adeepislandofEngland.3C:Apocope（字尾音尾脱落）：:theomissionofafinalpartofaword,e.g.Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi’thesun•Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,•Whilethesandso’lifeshallran.•(Notes:a’:all;wi’:with;o’:of)•Iwanderthro’eachcharter’dstreet,•Nearwherethecharter’dThamesdoesflow,•AndmarkineveryfaceImeet•Marksofweakness,marksofwoe.•(WilliamBlake:London)•Theomissionsdiscussedaboveareconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Theychangethepronunciationsoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.•(II)MispronunciationandSub-standardPronunciation:•inordertovividlydescribeacharacter,theliterarywritermaychoosetolethischaractermispronouncecertainwordsorsimplypronouncetheminsub-standardways.•“MayGodstarveyeyet,”yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead.•“Yes,andyou,”sheadded,catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen.“Youbloodymurtheringthafe!Crackmysonoverthehead,willyou,youhard-hearted,murtheringdivil?Ah,ye--”•（T.Dreiser,SisterCarrie）•theoldIrishwomanwasdepictedasspeakinginasub-standardfashion:yefor'you',murtheringfor'murdering',divilfor'devil',andthafefor'thief'.Theemploymentofsuchdeviantphonologicalfeatureshere,itseems,addsvividnesstothehappeningasifitwasthelivetransmissionofthescene.Heraccentalsorevealsthatsheisaworking-classwoman.7•(III)Specialpronunciation•Thetrumpetofaprophecy!O,Wind,•Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?•(IV)Changeofstress•Theaimofitisforsomeemotionoraffection.•A:BillandJane“brokethebluevase”.•B:Really!BillandJane?Youmustbekidding!82.2Graphologicaldeviation•Itismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.•Subcategory:shapeoftext,thetypeofprintandgrammetrics.•A.Shapeoftext:•theshapeofaliterarypoemcanbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.•1)AChristmasTree•StarIfyouareAlovecompassionate,Youwillwalkwithusthisyear,Wefaceaglacialdistance,whoarehereHuddledAtyourfeet•(byW.S.Burford)2)Apagoda-shapepoeminTheScholar《聊斋志异》•呆秀才吃常斋胡须满腮经书不揭开•纸笔自己安排明年不请我自来•AFoolishscholarFastedsolongWhiskerscoveredhischeeksNeglectingtostudytheclassicsHeleftpenandpaperasideHe'llcomewithoutbeinginvitednextyear•（TranslatedbyYangXianyi&GladyYang）•EasterWings•GorgeHerbert•Lord,whocreatedstmaninwealthandstore,•Thoughfoolishlyhelostthesame,•Decayingmoreandmore,•Tillhebecame•Mostpoore:•Withthee•Ohletmerise•Aslarks,harmoniously,•Andsingthisdaythyvictories:•Thenshallthefallfurthertheflightinme.•Theshapeofthepoemstrikesusasmostunusualbecauseitisnotlikethatofaconventionalpoem.Whenwelookmorecloselyatthewording,andusesomeimagination,wemaybegintospeculateonwhythepoethasdesignedthepoeminthisway.Webecomeabletoappreciatetheuniquenessandtheoriginalityofthepoet'sdesign.Thetextlooksverymuchlikeabull'seyeoratargetwithaseriesofconcentriccircles.Mostinterestingly,thelexicalitemsinthepoemsupportthisinterpretation.Eachcirclefromtheoutsidetotheinsiderepresentsaprogressioninthedegreeofseriousnessofinjury.Theinterpretationofthistypeofpoetrydependsmuchonwhatthepoemlookslike.14•B.Typeofprint:•Literarywriterschoosetoexpresstheirideasbymanipulatingthetypeofprintwhichincludeitalics,boldprint,capitalizationanddecapitalization,etc.•••Meupatdoes•Meupatdoes•outofthefloor•quietlyStare•apoisonedmouse•stillwhoalive•isaskingwhat•haveidonethat•Youwouldn’thave•(e.e.cummings)•apoisonedmouse•whostillalive•doesStarequietly•outofthefloor•upatMe•isaskingwhat•haveIdonethat•Youwouldn’thave16Explain•Accordingtotheconventionofversecomposition,thefirstletterofeachlineshouldbecapitalized.•However,CummingsherebreachestheconventionbyonlycapitalizingthefirstletteroftheopeninglineandthatoftheclosinglinesothatthetwowordsMEandYOUstandoutandbecomestylisticallyprominent.•MeandYouarealsoinstrongcontrastwithi.17•Thepoetmayintendtohavethereaderseethattheaddresserconsidershimselftobesuperiortothemouse.•However,theaddresserdoesnotseemtobesocalmandsoberasthepoisonedmouse,forthemousespeaksmuchmoregrammaticallythanhedoes.•Thisshowssatiricallythefactthatthosewhoappeartobeimportantandpowerfulandareinapositiontomanipulateother’sdestiniesmayinfactbeveryweakinwardly.18••Inotherwords,theydoevilagainsttheirownconscience,theycannothelprevealingtheiruneasyfeelings.•Sinceiistheself-addressofthemouse,thedecapitalizationmaydemonstratethatthemousewishestoshowitshumbleness.•ThecapitalizationofYouontheotherhandmanifeststhatth