暑期能力英语北京初三阅读理解之说明文和议论文

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1暑期能力-英语-北京-初三-阅读理解之说明文和议论文学员编号:年级:新初三课时数:学员姓名:辅导科目:英语学科教师:授课类型TCT阅读理解之说明文和议论文教学目标1、熟悉北京中考对说明文和议论文的考查情况。2、重点学习说明文和议论文的解题思路和技巧。星级★★★授课日期及时段教学内容(建议2-5分钟)(批注:让学生阅读并说说Tommy遇到的问题,然后判断这段文字的文体。Tommy所说的三句话就是一篇典型的议论文,分别有论点,论据和结论,整个议论过程为论证。)(批注:教师可以设置一个面试场景请学生进行简短的英文自我介绍,并请同学判断个人介绍的文体-说明文,体会说明文的功能和特点。)T-阅读理解之说明文和议论文Oneday,Tommysaidangrilytohismother:IwillneverplaywithTim.(论点)Timissobadthathetookmytoyyesterdayandbitmetoday.(论据)Iwillnevertalkandplaywithhim.(结论)Tommy很生气,后果很严重!2(建议20-25分钟)一、基本概念说明文体是一种客观的说明事物,阐明事理的一种文体;依据说明对象与说明目的的不同,把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类,通常按时间,空间及逻辑顺序进行说明。议论文体又叫说理文,是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论,表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素,即论点、论据和论证。1、选材:范围广,领域宽,篇幅长,信息量大。考生没有足够的知识储备和生活经验。中考英语卷阅读试题的设置采用渐进,由简到难的方式,而说明文和议论文通常是四篇单选式阅读中最难的,所以常被放置在C篇或D篇。中考对说明文的考查以科普说明文为主。2、结构:框架清晰,结构严谨,易把握。★1)说明文:2)议论文:说明文和议论文解题思路和技巧详解多采用总-分-总结构或总-分结构;一般直接切入正题,然后层层展开(按时间,空间,逻辑顺序)。多有明显的表转折,递进或并列的关联词;通常各段落的主题句都集中在各段首句;通常,首先总说现象或观点;其次,正面陈述理由,反面论证;最后作者表明自己的态度,再次总结文章。33、语言:词汇高级灵活,句式复杂多变,有长难句障碍。4、设题:难题较多。侧重考察考生的猜测词义和句意、推理判断、理解文章语篇结构、理解作者态度意图和归纳主旨的能力,大多涉及到对文章的深层次理解,是考生必须掌握的较高级的能力。二、中考说明文和议论文解题思路和技巧详解1、阅读基本思路回顾:2、提纲挈领抓全篇,精读要看问的啥。(批注:根据阅读基本思路和说明文、议论文的篇章结构特点,首先从篇章结构方面入手把握文章的主旨和思路,再根据设问有针对性的去定位查找,做到又快又准。本课的教学目的是教会学生做难度较大的C.D篇文章时学会“偷懒”,减少阅读量,提高准确率。)1)CThere'salotoffocusontransfats(反式脂肪)thesedays.Wereadaboutitinthenews,andthere'stalkof典型例题初读:标题/首尾段及首尾句/过渡词明主旨,理思路再读:速读题干找关键词定位查找整合答案1)先主旨,后细节--细节围绕主旨展开,把握文章主旨后细节题更易把握。2)问哪读哪,定位查找--节省时间,减少阅读量和阅读障碍,提高准确率。3)仔细研读,整合答案--定位的句子或段落,需准确理解,攻克长难句。4passinglawsagainsttransfats.Wearebombardedwiththeword.Unfortunately,mostpeopledon’tknowwhattransfatstrulyareandwhytheyaresobadforus.AlotoffoodproductioncompanieswanttogetyourdollarsbyprintingTransFatFreeontheirlabel(标签).Sadly,theymaynotbetellingthetruth.Sowhatisatransfatreally?Atransfatisaliquid(液体)fatthatisturnedintoasolid.Althoughthereareverysmallamountsofnaturaltransfatsinmeatanddairyproducts,mostofthemarecreatedbyaddinghydrogentoliquidfat.Food-makersdothisbecauseitmakestheproductlastlongerontheshelf.Haveyoueverwonderedwhycookiescanstillbecrispyandtastyaftersixmonthstoayearonastoreshelf?It'sbecauseoftransfats.Transfatsaretypicallyfoundinthingslikedonuts,Frenchfries,cookies,microwavepopcorn,andpotatochips.Whyaretransfatsbadforyou?Transfatsraisethebadcholesterol(胆固醇)inyourbodyandlowerthegoodcholesterolthatthebodyneeds.Fattyfoodsdocauseoverweight.Transfatsbuildupinthebodyandblockbloodflowtotheheart.Peoplewhosedietcontainsahighpercentageoftransfatsareatriskofheartdiseaseandstroke.Whycanthefood-makerslabeltransfatfreewhenitisn't?Becauseofthewaythenutritionlabelinglawswork,theFDA(FoodandDrugAdministration)hasallowedthatifafoodhaslessthan0.5gramsperserving(一份)itcanbeclassifiedastransfatfree.Readthelabelandyoumaydiscoverthatthepackageactuallycontains6servings,andifyoujustatethreeofthem,youmighthaveeaten1.49gramsoftransfats.Besides,inmostfastfoodrestaurants,ingredientandnutritioninformationarenotlisted.Youmaybeshockedifyouknowwhatyouareeating.AnarticleinMen’sHealthmagazinepointedthatinKFC,hydrogenated(氢化的)oilsappeared91timesamongtheingredientsfromthemenulist.Howdoyoureallyknowiftherearetransfatsinthefoodyouareeating?Onewaytotrulyunderstandwhatyouareeatingistoreadthelabel.Anotheristounderstandyouringredients.Anythingonthelabelthatsayshydrogenatedorpartiallyhydrogenated,evenifthepackagestatesTransFatFree,hastransfatsinit.Youhadbetternotbuythatproduct.Makeadifferentchoice,achoiceforyourhealth.53.Theexpression“arebombardedwith”inParagraph1probablymeans_______.A.aretiredofB.hearmuchofC.areconnectedwithD.knowclearlyabout54.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Transfatscanmakefoodlastlongandkeeppeoplefit.B.Food-makersusetransfatsbecausetheymakefooddelicious.C.Theamountoftransfatinfoodisclearlywrittenonthelabel.5D.Transfatcanbefoundinthefoodwithpackagesayingtransfatfree.55.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DangerofEatingTransFatsFoodB.TruthsandFactsaboutTransFatsC.BuyTransFatsFreeProductsNow!D.Don’tEatinFastFoodRestaurants!答案:53.B54.D55.B解析:解题步骤:1.读首尾段,每段首尾句,抓住过渡词,先做第55题主旨题:首段已经点出Unfortunately,mostpeopledon’tknowwhattransfatstrulyareandwhytheyaresobadforus.接着的三个段落的主题句分别是三个问句what,why和why,可见揭示的是有关transfats(反式脂肪)的真相和事实。第55题选B。2.完成细节判断题54题:可以直接选出答案D。通过对文章主旨和段落大意的把握,可直接排出A选项(与主旨相悖)和C选项(第四段主题句和最后一段),同时可得出正确答案D项(最后一段)。若想进一步明确排除B项,可根据选项内容定位查找到第二段,讲解什么是transfats(反式脂肪),同时会涉及为什么会使用到它。第四句话Food-makersdothisbecauseitmakestheproductlastlongerontheshelf.3.第53题猜词题具有一定的独立性,做题顺序没有要求,可采用快速定位法快速查找到位置,依据上下文线索解题。本题依据前后文focusontransfats(反式脂肪)和后文Unfortunately,mostpeopledon’tknow…可知arebombardedwith意为听说了很多,答案为B。2)DThe“haloeffect”isaclassicfindinginsocialpsychology.Itistheideathatgeneralevaluations(评价)aboutaperson(e.g.sheislikeable)influencejudgmentsabouttheirspecifictraits(品质)(e.g.sheisintelligent).Hollywoodstarsgivetheperfectexample.Becausetheyareoftenattractiveandlikeable,wenaturallyconsidertheyarealsointelligent,friendlyandsoon.Thatis,sometimes,nottrue.【Inthe1970s,well-knownsocialpsychologistRichardNisbettsetouttoprovethefactthatweactuallypaylittleattentiontoourthoughtprocessesingeneral,especiallytothehaloe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