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adhochypothesis特设性假说naiverealism朴素实在论anomaly反常negativeheuristic反面启发法auxiliaryassumption辅助假定non-normalscience非常规科学auxiliaryhypothesis辅助假说non-science非科学basicstatement基本陈述normalscience常规科学behaviourism行为主义objectlanguage对象语言conceptualframework概念框架objectivism客观主义confirm确证observationalstatement观察陈述confirmation确证operativism操作主义conjecture推测panpsychism泛心论conventionalism约定论parallelism平行论conversion改宗、改变信仰paradigm规范corroborate确认perceptualexperience知觉经验corroboration确认physicalism物理主义counter-induction反归纳pluralism多元论criticalrationalism批判理性主义pluralisticrealism多元实在论criticalrealism批判实在论positiveheuristic正面启发法criticalthought批判思维positivism实证主义crucialexperiment判决性实验potentialfalsifier潜在证伪者deduction演绎、演绎法prescience前科学degreeofcorroboration确认度principleofinduction归纳原理determinism决定论principleofproliferation扩散原理dogmaticthought教条思维principleoftenacity靭性原理demarcation分界principleoftransference传递原理disposition素质、倾向problemofinduction归纳问题downwardcausation下向因果性problemshift问题转换emergence突现problemsituation问题状况epiphenomenalism附带现象论proof证明epistemologicalanarchy认识论无政府状态propensity倾向性epistemology认识论pseudo-science类科学、伪科学error-elimination除错psychologism心理主义essentialism本质论radicalinstrumentalism激进工具主义explanation解释rationalism理性主义fallibilism易谬主义rationality理性fallibility易谬性realism实在论falsifiability可证伪性reality实在falsification证伪reductionism还原论falsificationism证伪主义refutability可反驳的falsify证伪refutation反驳falsitycontent虚假性内容researchprogramme研究纲领firstworld第一世界secondworld第二世界formallanguage形式语言simplicity简单性gestaltswitch格式塔转换singularstatement单称陈述improbablity不可几性sophisticatedfalsificationism精致的证伪主义irrationalism非理性主义subjectivism主观主义guess猜测tentativetheory试验性理论heuristic启发法test检验hypothesis假说testability可检验性indeterminism非决定论theory-laden渗透理论induction归纳、归纳法thirdworld第三世界inductionism归纳主义thoughtexperiment思想实验initialcondition初始条件trialanderror试错法instantrationality即时理性truthcontent真理性内容instrumentalism工具主义universalstatement全称陈述interactionism相互作用论upwardcausation上向因果性irrefutability不可反驳性verifiability可证实的justification证明verification证实justify证明verify证实justificationism证明主义verisimilitude逼真性logicalpositivism逻辑实证主义world1世界1macrologic宏观逻辑world2世界2mentalism精神主义world3世界3metalanguage元语言metascience元科学metatheory元理论micrologic微观逻辑naivefalsificationism朴素证伪主义naiveinstrumentalism朴素工具主义