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CommerzbankTowerJohnArend,MikeBenkert,AudreydeFilippis,SarettaTillmaand-IntegratedStrategies--Environment--Construction--Overview--Structure-TableofContentsOverviewCommerzbankTowerProgramArchitecturalIntentConstructionEthicIntegratedStrategiesStructure,Environment,andConstruction-ExteriorOfficeGlazingStructureandConstruction-Mega-ColumnStructureandEnvironment-SkyGardenGlazingSystemStructurePrimaryStructuralMembersConjectureandStructuralDiagramsStructuralStrategyHypothesisEnvironmentClimateDataClimateDataClimateDataClimateDataClimateDataClimateDataClimateData:ResponsesEnvironmentalResponses:DaylightingandViewsEnvionrmentalResponses:VentilationEnvironmentalResponses:VentilationEnvironmentalResponses:SkyGardensConstructionHowtheBuildingMeetstheGround-FoundationHowtheBuildingMeetstheGround-FoundationHowtheBuildingMeetstheSkyHowtheBuildingMeetstheSky-CladdingHowtheBuildingMeetstheSky-CladdingSocialResponsibilityTheCornerTheCorner-Mega-ColumnandVierendeelFrameTheCorner-CladdingResponsetoWater-ExteriorOfficeGlazingResponsetoWater-ExteriorOfficeGlazingResponsetoWater-Mega-ColumnWorksCited010203010203010203040102030405060708091011010203040506070809101112-IntegratedStrategies--Environment--Construction-CommerzbankTowerProgramSources:“CommerzbankFrankfurt:PrototypeforanEcologicalHigh-Rise”(Davies),:thehumaneandsociallyresponsibleskyscraper.BreakingawayfromtheAmericanmodelofdeep-planned,airconditionedstructureswithacentralservicecoreandidentical,spatiallyseparatedfloors;Commerzbanktowerisfloodedwithdaylightandnaturallyventilated,hasafull-heightatrium,andfour-storeylandscapedgardensevenlydistributedovertheheightofthebuilding.Workinginconjunction,thesearchitecturalelementsunlocktheinternalspaceofCommerzbank,transformingtheentireworkenvironment.{Davies9}WhileCommerzbankTowerhasadistinctivepresenceontheFrankfurtskyline,itisalsoanchoredintothelower-scalecityfabric,withrestorationandrebuildingofperimeterstructuresreinforcingtheoriginalscaleoftheblock.Thedevelopmentsatstreetlevelprovideshops,carparking,apartmentsandabankinghall,andforgelinksbetweentheCommerzbankandthebroadercommunity.Attheheartoftheschemeisapublicgalleriawithrestaurants,cafesandspacesforsocialandculturalevents.[fosterandpartners.com}BuildingFactsCommerzbankTowerJohnArend,MikeBenkert,AudreydeFilippis,SarettaTillmaandBuildingFactsFloorAreasq.ft/floor1.3milltotal(≈23,000perfloor)Occupantload2,100workersCost$300,000,000USProgram53-storyhigh-riseofficebuildingSiteDescription(acres?)approximately3acres;sitesharedwitholdCommerzbankbuildingSiteTypeurban,rural,etcurbanParkingspaces#multi-storyparkinggarageholds300carsand200bikesFoundationtypeGravityforcesystemstypeperforatedtubestructure(cornercolumnswithlinkframes)Lateralforcesystemstypevierendeeltrusssystemsecondarystructure/backupcontinuousfloorsateveryfourthflooractasastiffeningdiaphragmGlazingtype,identifydouble-glazedoperablewindoww/outerskinoffixedglass&ventilatedcavitySkylightsfull-heightatriumwithglassdeckseverytwelvefloorsCladdingtype,identifydouble-skinnedaluminumframedcurtainwallRoofglazedroofoverplaza&atrium,highalbedoconcreteaboveremainingprogramDaylightingskygardens,atrium,&floor-to-floorglazingHeatingpassivesolargain,heatgeneratedfromofficemachinery&buildingoccupantsCoolingnaturalventilation,stackeffectEquipmentlistcoolingtowers,absorptionchillers,centralbuildingmanagementsystem(BMS)Coolingsystemtypewater-cooled,chilled-panelceilingsystemHeatingsystemtypethermostaticallycontrolledradiantheatingsystemDuctyes/noyesVerticalChasesyes/nonoSources1.:PrototypeforanEcologicalHigh-RiseetiSCAVHpileraftfoundationtcejorPerutcurtSepolevnEevissaPsmetsySFoster&Partners,ArupandKrebs&Kiefer(SE),J.RogerPrestonw/P&APettersonAhrens(ME),Schad&Hölzel(EE)(Davies51)(Davies46,47)-IntegratedStrategies--Environment--Construction-OverviewSources:Lambot,Ian.CommerzbankFrankfurt:PrototypeforanEcologicalHigh-Rise.Boston:WatermarkBirkhauser.1997.Overview-Overview-02-Structure-ArchitecturalIntentAlthoughNormanFosterʼsCommerzbankdesignwasthetallestbuildinginEuropeatthetimeofitscompletion,itsheightwasanafter-thoughttothetrueintentionsdrivingitscreation.Commerzbankisasocial,economic,andecologicalstatementinarchitecture.Fosterconsideredthelivesoftheusers,clients,andneighborsofthebuildingwhenformulatinghisdesign.Fosterʼssocial,economic,andecologicalgoalsoftenoverlapped.FostercouldhavedesignedacheaperbuildingthanwhatCommerzbankistoday,butheaskedhisclientstoconsideradditionalinvestmentstorealizelong-termgains.Thebuildingʼsprogramenhancesitsuserslivesandbecauseofthisincreasestheirproductivity.Theecologicallyfriendlydesignlessenstheenergycostsrequiredtomaintainthebuildingovertime.Eventhedecisiont