Unit-2--Marrakech2013

Unit2MarrakechGeorgeOrwellGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950)PseudonymofEricArthurBlair,Britishnovelist,essayistandcritic.bornin1903inIndia;neartheborderofNepalachievedprominenceinthelate1940sastheauthoroftwobrilliantsatiresandestablishedhimselfasoneofthemostimportantandinfluentialvoicesofthecentury.GeorgeOrwell’searlylifeeducatedinEnglandwinningascholarshiptoEtonCollege;servingwiththeIndianImperialPoliceinBurma(nowMyanmar)from1922to1927;in1927decidingtoquittheImperialPolice,totakeupwritingandtospeakoutagainstthedominationofanypersonoveranother.GeorgeOrwell’slaterlifeAt33hegotmarried.6yearslaterhiswifedied.Latein1945hewenttotheislandofJuraofftheScottishcoast,andsettledtherein1946.HewroteNineteenEighty-Fourtherein1948.In1949hemarriedSoniaBrownell,amagazineeditorwhowas16yearsyounger.HediedofTBinJanuary1950.SomeofhisearlyworksDownandOutinParisandLondon(1933)《巴黎伦敦落难记》Bur’meseDays(1934)《缅甸岁月》AClergyman’sDaughter(1935)KeeptheAspidistraFlying(1936)《让叶兰在风中飞舞》Orwell’sLaterWriting:ComingUpforAir(1939)上来透口气AnimalFarm(1945)NineteenEighty-Four(1949)ShootinganElephantandOtherEssays(1950)《猎象记》TheCollectedEssays,JournalismandLettersofGeorgeOrwell(1968)Orwell’stwobestknownnovels:AnimalFarm(1945)AnimalFarm(1945)Conceivedandwrittenassatire,AnimalFarm(1945),ananti-Soviettale,isgenerallyacknowledgedaspresentingmanyofOrwell'sviewsonhumanityandpolitics.Thenovelrelatestheoverthrowofafarmer'styrannicalrulebytheanimalsinhisbarnyardandtheanimals'abortedeffortstoestablishanegali’tariansociety.AnimalFarm(1945)ClearlyalludingtopoliticaleventsinRussiafromtheRevolutiontoWorldWarII,AnimalFarmprimarilyattackstheextremesofStalinism,yetgoesbeyondtodissect(study)thea’natomy(解剖学)ofrevolutionandthelureofpower.Orwell’stwobestknownnovelsIINineteenEighty-Four(1949)NineteenEighty-Four(1949)“BIGBROTHERISWATCHINGYOU.”Itpresentsaterrifyingpictureoflifeundertheconstantsur’veillanceof“BigBrother.”Hedepictsatotali’tarianregimethatoutlawstruth,love,thought,andtheconceptoftheindividual,andcontrolsitspopulacewithfear,bruteforce,andpropaganda.ThethreeprinciplesofthePartyMarrakech,MoroccoMarrakechMarrakech,inwesternMorocco,isanimportantcommercialcityaswellasarailterminus(终点站)andaroadand‘caravan(商队)center.Foundedin1062,Marrakechhasbeenacenteroftradethroughoutitshistory,andwasalsothesoutherncapitalofthesultans.Asaresult,thecity’soldsectionhasnoteworthyancientbuildings,mosques,royalpalaces,andtombs.Themodernpartofthecitywasbuiltin1913aftertheFrenchoccupiedthecountry.MarrakechBazaarsinMarrakechMoroccoMoroccoMoroccoMorocco,akingdominNorthAfrica,borderedonthenorthbytheMediterraneanSea,ontheeastandsoutheastbyAlgeria,onthesouthbyWesternSahara,andonthewestbytheAtlanticOcean.Briefhistoryindependentin1956aconstitutional‘monarchy(1957)amemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.GeneralsurveyofMorocco(1)Governmenttype:constitutionalmonarchyPopulation:32,209,101Nationality:noun:Moroccan(s)adjective:MoroccanEthnicgroups:Arab-Berber99.1%,others0.7%,Jewish0.2%Religions:Muslim98.7%,Christian1.1%,Jewish0.2%GeneralsurveyofMorocco(2)Languages:‘Arabic(official),Berberdialects,French(thelanguageofbusiness,government,anddiplomacy)Climate:Mediterranean;extremeintheinteriortypeofwritingoftheessayexpositionorexpositorywritingtoinformorexplain‘applicabletoanythingwhichchallengestheunderstanding----thedefinitionofaword,thestructureofaplant,themeaningofahistoricalevent,thesignificanceofaphilosophicalsystem,etc.thethesisoftheessay:Thesis:astatementofthecentralthoughtoroftheauthor’spurposeofwritingSometimesasthetitleofthepieceInthisessay,thethesisis:Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthefactthattheytreatthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals.Imperialism&ColonialismImperialism:Practicebywhichpowerfulnationsorpeoplesseektoextendandmaintaincontrolorinfluenceoverweakernationsorpeoples.Althoughimperialismissimilarinmeaningtocolonialism,andthetwotermsaresometimesusedinterchangeably,theyshouldbedistinguished.Imperialism&ColonialismColonialismusuallyimpliesformalpoliticalcontrol,involvingterritorialannexationandlossof‘sovereignty.Imperialismrefers,morebroadly,tocontrolorinfluencethatisexercisedeitherformallyorinformally,directlyorindirectly,politicallyoreconomically.WhatdoyouthinkisthepurposeofOrwell’swritingthisessay?Howdoestheauthordevelopthethesis/mainideaoftheessay?Howmanyincidentsaredescribedtoshowthesufferingofthenatives?Whatarethey?Questionsformacro-studyTextanalysisPartIPa.1-3HowthedeadwereburiedinMarrakechWail,PartIburying-ground:notacemeteryorgraveyard,butjustapieceofwasteland(wherethepoorcanburytheirdead;anareaoflandinwhichdeadbodiesareburied,especiallyalongtimeago)cemetery:anareaofgroundinwhichdeadbodiesareburied,especiallyonewhichisnotnexttothechurchgraveyard:aplace,oftenbesideachurchwheredeadpeopleareburiedchurchyard:anareaoflandaroundachurch,wheredeadbodiesareburiedPart2Pa.4-7AnavybeggingforfoodNibbleat;sidle;Whydidthemansaid“Icouldeatsomeofthebread”inFrench?Thismanisanemployeeofthemunicipality.Wh