细胞自噬的分子机制及其功能-陈兰芳

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20144322ExperimentalandLaboratoryMedicine,Apr.2014,Vol.32,No.2(autophagy)[1],[2]。1962,1993,[3,4]。2005《Science》,。,、,、、、[5]。。,、[6]。300~900nm,500nm,,、[7]。,:(1)(macroautophagy):,,。,[8]、[9][10],[11],Atg9。,[12];,,,(Mitophagy)、(Ribophagy)、(Reticulophagy)、(Pexophagy)(Lipophagy)[13]。P62,[14,15]。。(2)(microau-tophagy):、()、。(3)(chaperone-mediatedautophagy):HSC70()(KFERQ-),-LAMP2α(Lysosome-associatedmemberaneprotein2α),,[16]。,、。,30[17]50。2003,,Atg[18],1[19],、。(1)。2.1,,、、,。陈兰芳1,肖亮2综述,杨军平2审校(1、,435300;2、,330006)··,。、。、、。,mTOR、Beclin-1、P53。;mTOR;Beclin-1;P53;R329.2+5A:1674-1129(2014)02-0157-07DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1129.2014.02.018:(2004A100):,,1974,,。:,,1972,,,,。:yyfyjp0507@126.com。··20144322ExperimentalandLaboratoryMedicine,Apr.2014,Vol.32,No.2ULK1(Atg1)、FIP200(Atg17)、Atg13ULK11(mTORC1)[20]。,mTORC1,ULK1Atg13。,mTORC1,Atg13ULK1,FIP200,[21]。ClassPI3K(Vps34)-Beclin-1(Atg6)[22,23],p150(Vps15)Atg14Atg14LBeclin-1(Barkor)[24],,PAS()。Beclin-1-PI3KAtg12-Atg5Atg16LLC3(Atg8),[25]。2.2:Atg12LC3[26]。Atg12,E1E2。Atg12Atg7(E1),Atg10(E2)Atg5,Atg16,[27-29]。LC3E1E2。LC3,Atg4LC3-,Atg7(E1)Atg3(E2)(PE)LC3--PE,。LC3-,(Autolysosome),LC3-[30],[31]。,,,。HEK293,Atg3LC3,Atg12Atg12-Atg5[32,33],,Atg7,Atg10LC3[34]。2.3,(ESCRT)GTP(RabS)[35]。:LAMP1、LAMP2、UVRAG()[36,37]。2.4。、。,。Atg22[38],Atg12Atg15[39]。,Atg1Atg13[40]。,,。,(2)。3.1mTOR/mTOR,(PIKK)11ATG1ATG3ATG4ATG5ATG6ATG7ATG8ATG10ATG12ATG16ULK1hATG3/hAPG3hATG4A/HsATG4A/HsAPG4A/autophagin-2hATG4B/HsATG4B/hAPG4B/autophagin-1hAtg4C/HsAUTL1/autophagin-3hATG4D/autophagin-4hATG5/hAPG5beclin1hATG7/HsGSA7/hAPG7LC3GABARAPmodifierGATE-16ATG8L/APG8LmATG10/mAPG10hATG12/hAPG12mATG3/mAPG3mATG7/mAPG7mATG12/mAPG12ATG16L/APG16L··20144322ExperimentalandLaboratoryMedicine,Apr.2014,Vol.32,No.2。mTOR:mTOR1(mTORC1),mTOR、raptor(regulatory-associatedproteinofmTOR)、mLST8(mammalianorthologofLST8)、PRAS40(pro-line-richAktsubstrateof40kDa);mTOR(mTORC2),mTOR、mLST8、rictor(rapamycininsensitivecompanionofmTOR)、mSIN1(mitogen-activatedproteinkinase-associatedprotein1)。mTORC1、、[41,42]。mTORC2,,mTORC2[43]。mTORC1,、,。3.1.1mTORC1、mTORC1:(1),mTORC1ULK1,ULK1[44]。,ULK1,,[45]。(2)mTORC14E1(4EBP1)、S6(S6K1),mTORC14EBP1、S6K1,,[46,47]。,mTORC14EBP1、S6K1[48]。mTORC1:(1)AMPK-mTORC1AMPKTSC1/2,mTORC1,。TSC1/2,TSC1,TSC2mTORC1GTPRheb(Rasho-mologenrichedinbrain),mTORC1。AMPKRaptor,mTORC1,[49]。(2)I3(ClassPI3K)/B(Akt)/mTORC1ClassPI3KPIP3,PIP31(PDK1),AKT。AKTTSC1/2,mTORC1,。,PTEN()ClassIPI3K,[50]。(3)Ras/(MEK)/Ras-MEK-ERK,。,ERKTSC1/TSC2,[51],RasClassIPI3K/AKT。3.1.2mTORC1(1)mTORC1:mTORC1。,AMP/ATP,/11(LKB1)-AMPK,AMPKTSC1/2,mTORC1,[52,53]。(2)mTORC1:,(、)。,,mTORC1,[54],ClassPI3K/Vps34mTORC1[55],。(3)mTORC1:mTORC1。IGF1(insulin/insulin-likegrowthfactor)PI3K/Akt/mTORC1[56]。IGF1,PI3K,PIP3,1(PDK1),AKT,mTORC1[57]。(4)mTORC1:(ROS),mTORC1。ROSClassIPI3K/AKTmTORC1,ROSAMPKmTORC1,[58]。(5)mTORC1:mTORC1。DNA1(REDD1)2··20144322ExperimentalandLaboratoryMedicine,Apr.2014,Vol.32,No.2,TSC1/TSC2,mTORC1[59]。3.2Beclin-1Beclin-1Atg6/Vps30,、,[60]。Beclin-1BH3(Bcl-2-homology3)、(CCD)(ECD)[61],,。Bcl-2/Bcl-XLBH3,Beclin-1,Beclin-1。,(DAPK)BH3,Beclin-1Bcl-XL,[62]。Beclin-1CCDECDClassPI3K,Beclin1-ClassPI3K-Vps15,[63]。,Barkor(Atg14L)[64]、Ambra1(activatingmoleculeinBeclin-1regulatedautophagy)[65]88(MyD88)。UVRAG(),Vps38,Beclin-1CCD,Beclin-1ClassPI3KClassPI3K,[66]。Bif-1[67](Bax-interactingfactor1)Beclin1Rubion[68]UVRAGBeclin-1,。3.3P53P53,、、。P53,。P53[69,70]。P53:(1)P53sestrin1/2AMPK-mTORC1,mTORC1,[71]。(2)P53DAPK1,Beclin-1,。(3)P53BCL-2(Bad、PUMA、Bax、BNIP3),Bcl-2/Bcl-xLBeclin-1[72,73]。(4)P53DRAM1(),,,[74,75]。P53,P53,,P53[76]。,P53。,P53P53,P53。3.4,,。:LPS[77]SSRNA[78]Tolllikere-ceptors(TLRs),;,IL-13,,,TH1[79]TH2[80]。4.1,:(1),。、,,,。,,[81]。(2)。、。:、,[82]。(3)([83]),,。、。4.2(1),。,Beclin-1[84],。,,。,,[85];,··20144322ExperimentalandLaboratoryMedicine,Apr.2014,Vol.32,No.2,、[86],,[87]。,,。,、[88],,,。(2)、。,Atg5,A[89],MHC,EB[90]。(3)、,,Huntington’s[91]、Parkinson’s、Altheimer’s。,,,Danon[92]。,[93]、[94]。,。,,;,,,、、、,。,,,、。[1]LevineB,KlionskyDJ.Developmentbyself-digestion:molecularmechanismsandbiologicalfunctionsofautophagy[J].DevCell,2004,(4):463-477[2]KourtisN,TavernarakisN.Autophagyandcelldeathinmodelor-gansms[J].CellDeathDiffer,2009,16(1):21-39.[3]KlionskyDJ.Autophagy:fromphenomenologytomolecularunder-standinginlessthanadecade.[J].NatRevMolCellBiol,2007,8(11):931-937.[4]NakatogawaH,SuzukiK,KamadaY,etal.Dynamicsanddiversityinautophagymechanisms:lessonsfromyeast[J].NatRevMolCellBiol,2009,10(7):458-467.[5]MijaljicaD,PrescottM,DevenishRJ.Autophagyindisease.[J].MethodsMolBiol,2010,648:79-92.[6]ShintaniT,KlionkyDJ.Autophagyinhealthanddisease:adou-ble-edgedsword[J].Science,2004,306(5698):990-995.[7]MizushimaN,OhsumiY,YoshimoriT.Autophagosomeformationinmammaliancells[J].CellStructFunct,2002,27(6):421-429.[8]ToozeSA,YoshimoriT.Theoriginoftheautophagosomalmem-brane[J].NatCellBiol,2010,2(9):831-835.[9]YenWL,ShintaniT,NairU,etal.TheconservedoligomericGolgicomplexisinvolvedindouble-membranevesicleformationduringautophagy[J].JCellBiol,2010,188(1):101-114.[10]AxeEL,WalkerSA,ManifavaM,etal.Autophagosomeformationfrommembranecompartmentsenrichedinphosphatidylinosito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