南京大学 地球科学系统概论 06数字地球

1IntroductiontoDigitalEarthIntroductiont[e-mail]ts„WhyDigitalEarth„DescriptionoftheDigitalEarth„TheTechnologiesNeededforaDigitalEarth„EarthObservation(RS)„GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)„GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)AssignmentsAssignmentsAssignments„简述数字地球的意义„数字地球所涉及的3S技术指的是什么，简述它们的作用。参考文献参考文献„毕思文编著，地球系统科学导论，北京：科学出版社，2003„承继成林辉周成虎曾衫编著，数字地球导论，北京：科学出版社，2000„冯学智都金康等编著，数字地球导论，北京：商务出版社，2004TheDigitalEarth:Understandingourplanetinthe21stCenturyremarkedbyAlGoreattheCaliforniaScienceCenteronJanuary31,1998CurrentIssues-TheComingDataExplosionCurrentIssuesCurrentIssues--TheComingDataTheComingDataExplosionExplosion„Societyhasamassedanenormousamountofdigitalinformationabouttheearthanditsinhabitants.„Landsatsatelliteshavetakenahigh-resolutionphotographoftheentireEartheverytwoweeksforthelast20years-andthatdataisjustadropinthebucketcomparedtothedatavolumecomingfromnewsatellitesandsimulations.„Thisnewwaveofdatathreatenstooverwhelmourabilitytoprocessandinterpretit.TheComingDataExplosionTheComingDataExplosionTheComingDataExplosionƒWhileanewwaveoftechnologicalinnovationisallowingustocapture,store,processanddisplayanunprecedentedamountofgeo-referencedinformationaboutourplanet.2多分辨率40kmThestudyoftheEarthrequiresmanydifferentlevelsofdetail.Globalforecastsimulationsuseresolutionsinthe40to200kilometerrange.40km40km40km10km10kilometerresolutionischaracteristicofsomeatmosphericmeasurementsfromgeosynchronousorbit.10km10km10km1km1kilometerresolutionischaracteristicofweathersatelliteEarthimagesfromgeosynchronousorbit.1km1km1km30m30metersistheresolutionofaLandsatimage.1km1km1km30m30m30m1mSomerecentlowEarthorbitcommercialandEarthresourcesatelliteshaveresolutionsapproaching1meter.1m1m1m3EarthSystemScience(ESS)EarthSystemScience(ESS)EarthSystemScience(ESS)ƒIn1991,NASAandtheUniversitiesSpaceResearchAssociation(USRA)initiatedaprogramtointroducecollegeundergraduatestotheinterdisciplinarychallengesofanemergingEarthsystemscienceapproachtounderstandingourplanet.ƒEarthsystemscienceviewstheEarthasasynergisticphysicalsystemofinterrelatedphenomena,processesandcycleswhichremainlargelyunexploredintraditionaldisciplinaryEarthsciencecourseofferings.EarthasanIntegratedSystemEarthasanIntegratedSystemEarthasanIntegratedSystemSystemComponents:ƒSolidEarth(coretocrust);ƒOceans(andotherlargebodiesofwater);ƒAtmosphere(particularlytroposphere);ƒIonosphere(andbeyond?,spaceweather);ƒBiosphere(includinghumankind);ƒCryosphere(particularlypolarregions).ESSChallenge:DatatoKnowledgeESSChallenge:ESSChallenge:DatatoKnowledgeDatatoKnowledgeKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEanalysis,synthesis,integration;communication,collaborationINFORMATIONINFORMATIONcontext(e.g.metadata,oftenimplicit)DATADATA(thebase:bits,bytes,pixels,voxels)ESSChallenges:ModelsESSChallenges:ModelsESSChallenges:Models„Dimensionality„Fully4-D,processmodels„Timeascontinuous,independentvariable„Othervariables?„Complexity„Finite-element,statistical-mechanical„Computationallyintensive„Scale„Space:moleculartoglobal„Time:microsecondstomillionsofyearsIntegratingtheComponentsIntegratingtheComponentsIntegratingtheComponentsƒNeedacomponentarchitectureforamassivelydistributed“systemofsystems;”ƒNeedtodescribethecomponents,thefunctionalityofeach,thedependenciesofeachupontheothers,andthenecessaryinterfacesamongthem;ƒTheDigitalEarthReferenceModel(DERM)(basedonISO/IEC10746:ODPRM).ƒ““DigitalEarthDigitalEarth””TheDigitalEarthwillbeavirtualrepresentationofourplanetthatenablesapersontoexploreandinteractwiththevastamountsofnaturalandculturalinformationgatheredaboutEarth.’sDigitalEarthVisionVicePresidentVicePresident’’sDigitalEarthVisionsDigitalEarthVisionƒ“Amulti-resolution,three-dimensionalrepresentationoftheplanet,intowhichwecanembedvastquantitiesofgeo-referenceddata”.ƒ“...zoomin,usinghigherandhigherlevelsofresolution,toseecontinents,thenregions,countries,cities,andfinallyindividualhouses,trees,andothernaturalandman-madeobjects.ƒ“…notlimitedtomovingthroughspace,butcanalsotravelthroughtime.Thetime-line,whichstretchesoffinthedistance,canbesetfordays,years,centuries,orevengeologicalepochs...”.ƒ“Asprototypesbecameavailable,itwouldalsobepossibletointeractwiththeDigitalEarthinmultipleplacesaroundthecountrywithaccesstohigh-speednetworks,andgetamorelimitedlevelofaccessovertheInternet”.-TheDigitalEarthVisionasarticulatedinanaddressgivenattheCaliforniaScienceCenterinLosAngelesbyVicePresidentAlGoreTheDigitalEarthisavirtualrepresentationofourplanetthatenablesapersontoexperienceandusethevastamountsofnatural,cultural,andhistoricaldatabeinggatheredabouttheEarth.TheDigitalEarthcomprisesdatainterfacesandstandardsenablingaccesstogeo-referenceddatafromremotesensing,cartographic,demographic,medical,andothersources,basedontheinterestsoftheuser.——ByNASA&USGSConceptofDigitalEarthConceptofDigitalEarthConceptofDigitalEarthV网络化的地理信息世界，为用户提供公用信息和商业信息，甚至可以为各类网络用户开辟一个认识“我