中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯

第十章汉英翻译中的衔接与连贯在Halliday和Hasan看来,衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系,它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语义联系。他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型:照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。Reference-personalreference我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间（我）也将赤裸裸的回去罢？但（我）不能平的，(我)为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？Ihavecometothisworld,stark-naked;amItogobackinablinkinthesamenakedness?Itisnotfairthough:whyshouldIhavemadethistripfornothing!(张培基，2002：74)DemonstrativeReference这(些),那(些)---torefertopersonorobjects这儿,那儿,这里,那里---torefertothelocationinspace这会儿,那会儿---torefertothelocationintime这么,那么,这样,那样---torefertoquality,stateanddegreeHehashisownpositiveopiniononallmatters;notanunwiseone,usually,forhisownends;andwillasknoadviceofyours.它对于所有的事情都有明确的主见。就达到目的而言，其见解往往并非愚鲁之见。HereweknowthatrepetitionisthephenomenathatEnglishtriestoavoidbutstronglyfavoredbyChinese.Substitution1)Effortsonthepartofthedevelopingnationsarecertainlyrequired.Soisare-orderingofprioritiestogiveagriculturethefirstcallonnationalresources.(TakashiOka:TheHungryWorld)发展中国家作出努力当然是必须的。调整重点让农业优先占有自然资源也当然是必须的。2)Darcytookupabook;MissBingleydidthesame.(J.Austin:PrideandPrejudice)达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一本书来。(蔡基刚,2003:10)EllipsisHehasnoworktodo---tyrannicalinsectstoobey.Theearthwormhashisdigging;thebeehergatheringandbuilding;thespiderhercunningnetwork;theanthertreasuryandaccounts.它无所事事，因为它不受任何残暴的虫子的摆布。蚯蚓要挖土打动，蜜蜂要采蜜筑窝，蜘蛛要巧织迷网，蚂蚁要聚财盘宝。2)Readingmakeafullman;Conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.(F.Bacon:OfStudies)读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。(王佐良译)4)夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的力气了；巩固这个胜利，则是要很长的时间和要花费很大的力气的事情。Towinthisvictorywillnotrequiremuchtimeandefforts,buttoconsolidateitwill.Conjunction他小的时候，他妈叫他去买红塘，他买了白糖回来。Oneday,whenhewasachild,hismothersenthimouttobuyhersomebrownsugar,buthereturnedwithsomewhitesugarinstead.(张培基,2002:18)(Adversative)14)人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的是他或她的优点。Humanbeingsareinterestinginthattheytendtofirstseegoodinanewacquaintance.15)男孩哭得心都快碎了，当问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。Theboywhowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungrybecausehedadhadnofoodfortwodays.词汇衔接1.重复2.泛指词3.同义词4.反义词5.上下义关系6.搭配同义词例一:（中华民族洗雪了百年耻辱,振奋了民族精神,）感到无比的骄傲和自豪。相对于英语而言,在一般语篇中汉语的同义词并列现象比较多,它们译成英语后往往只用一个词便可以表达意义译文:⋯weareveryproudofit.同样,单个英语单词也可以译成并列的同义词来加强生动性。例二:Wemusthavethisambition.译文:我们就是要有这个雄心壮志Youwillneedtotakesometoolswithyou;youcangetahammer,asawandascrewdriverfrombigdepartmentstores.你得随身带上锤子、锯子和改锥,这些工具从百货商店就能买到。上下义关系虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步,但还未完全实现平等就业机会。译文:ItistruethatChinesewomenhavemadeenormousstridestowardequality.Butthegoalsofequalopportunityofemploymentforwomenhavenotbeenfullyrealized.搭配“实现平等就业机会”中文很通顺,但英文中没有这种搭配,英语一般说“realize/accomplishthegoal/aim”。因此注意搭配衔接手段的使用,译成:“实现平等就业机会的目标”,符合英语的表达。Withalltheabovecohesivedevicescombined,wehaveourownwayonhowtocombinetwosentencesorseveralsegmentstogetherinC-Etranslation.Althoughitcannotapplyonalloccasions,wedofinditveryhelpfulinguidingtranslationpractices.Samesubject我想，富人们大概过不惯冷清的郊野的冬天，都集向热闹的城市里去了。Iguessthewealthyresidents,(whoare)unaccustomedtothecoldandlonesomewinterthere,musthaveswarmedintothebustlingcity.(《中国翻译》)Samepredicate：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备，转首肯为摇头。(Repetitionofverbs)Consequently,youroverjoywouldgivewaytoanger;yourpraiseswouldtocriticismorevenfault-picking;andyournoddinginagreementtoshakingthehead.(ellipsis)(《中国翻译》)我们坚信社会主义是有伟大的前途，我们坚信我国亿万人民有伟大的前途。(Repetitionofverbsandsameobjects)Webelievethatsocialismhasabrightfutureandsodoourhundredsofmillionsofpeople.(Substitution)Sameobject：Darcytookupabook;MissBingleydidthesame.(J.Austin:PrideandPrejudice)达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一本书来。(蔡基刚,2003:10)Sameattributive：这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这各种必要性正义性。(or:这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这是完全必要的和完全正义的)。Thisisabsolutelynecessaryandjust,andtheentirepeopleknowthatitisso.Sameadverbials一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。Onespringevening,myriadsofflowerswereinfullbloominthegardenwheremyparentsheldapartyinhonorofmanyguests.Theirarrivalatoncefilledtheplacewithlaughingchats.Usingcertainlogicalrelation冬天，（因为）在四周围都是山地的这里，（所以）看见太阳的日子真实太少了。（但是）今天，难得雾是这么稀薄，空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。Inwinter,sunnydayswerescarcehere,asitwassurroundedbyhillsallaround.Today,however,thefogwaswonderfullythinandtheairwasfilteredthroughwithgoldensunlightthattintedeverythingonthegroundwithajoyfulhue.(《中国翻译》)（星星）也不过只是星星点点闪烁的光明，而（我）相看惯了（星星），（我）偶然不见（星星），（我）也有些想望与无聊。（冰心:雨雪时候的星辰）Thoughtheywereameresprinkleoftwinklingdots,yetIhadbecomeaccustomedtothemthattheiroccasionalabsencewouldbringmelonelinessandennui.(张培基译)