转化生成语法

SURFACESTRUCTURE&DEEPSTRUCTURETGtransformationalgenerativegrammar转换生成语法NoamChomskySyntacticStructures,1957表层结构就是我们看到的句子结构，比如说：花瓶被他打碎了。深层结构就是从这个句子中能找出来的以不同词为主体的叙述结构，比如上面那个句子的深层结构就是：他打碎花瓶了。就是说，一部分是“他打碎花瓶”，另一部分是“花瓶碎了”；一个是施事即他以及这个动作，一个是受事即花瓶的状态。这个用深层结构表示的句子经过删除、增加、移位等变化可以转化为表层结构。DEEPSTRUCTUREistheabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticofaconclusion,i.e.theunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelationsbetweenitsdifferentconstituents.SURFACESTRUCTUREisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.Intransformationalgrammar,deepstructuresaregeneratedbyphrase-structurerules,andsurfacestructuresarederivedfromdeepstructuresbyaseriesoftransformations.Thedeepstructureshowsthesemanticcomponentsbutthesurfacestructureshowstheproperphonologicalinformationinordertoexpressthatthought.ModelDeepStructureSemanticsbyTransformationsSurfaceStructureSoundThisisthemodelassumedinCartesianLinguistics.Thecatkilledthebird→thebirdwaskilledbythecat.Thebirdwaskilled.Thekillingofthebird(bythecat).Thecat’skillingofthebird.CommonTransformationalRulesdeletion删除Thecatdisappearedandthedogdisappeared→Thecatandthedogdisappearedcopying复制addition增添Getout!→Getoutofhere!reordering重排CallMaryup→CallupMaryEverysentenceexistsontwolevels:theSurfacestructurewhichcorrespondstotheactualspokensentenceandtheDeepstructurewhichunderliesmeaningofthesentence.Thus,thesingledeepideacanbeexpressedinmanydifferentSurfaceStructures.phrasestructurerules短语结构规则词的形式表达：N（名词）V（动词）A（形容词）Adv（副词）P（介词）D（限定词）Pron（代词）Aux（助动词）Conj（连词）短语的形式表达：NP（名词短语）VP（动词短语）AP（形容词短语）PP（介词短语）Page73Asentenceconsistsofanounphrasefollowedbyaverbphrase.句子的结构表达式：SNPVPIlovethesong.SNPVPSNPVPThankyou