句子结构

英语句子概论•基本成分•附属成分•独立成分•省略成分•连接成分•简单句•并列句•复合句•主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）•主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)•主语＋系动词＋表(S+LV+predicative)•主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)•主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语•(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)•There+be/stand/lie/live...简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.主语＋不及物动词Shecame．/Myheadaches.主语＋及物动词＋宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语＋系动词＋表语Sheishappy．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.简单句基本句型实例1.S＋Vi例如：Iwenttoschoolat7：00.主谓状这一结构中的动词为不及物动词，其后没有宾语,后面可以跟副词、介词短语做状语。go,live,die,talk,swim,stay,用以上词语造句（肯定，否定，疑问）Examples:go,live,die,talk,swim,stayWegotoschooleveryday.I’mlivinginChangPingDistrictnow.Myloveforyouwillneverdie.Iwanttotalkwithaforeigner.Jerrycanswimwell.Mr.GreenwillstayinChinaforayear.2.S＋V系＋P例如：Thefoodsmellsdelicious.主系表连系动词分为：1.be2.变化类:become,turn,go,get….3.保持类:keep,stay,remain…4.感官类:look,sound,feel,smell,taste…3.S＋Vt＋O例如：Hehopestoflytothemoon.主谓宾1)只能用不定式作宾语的常见动词：want，hope，wish，wouldlike，decide，agree，ask，can‘t，wait等；2)只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词：mind，enjoy，keep，finish，can'thelp等；3)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且有区别的常见动词：remember,forget,stop,goon,try4)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且无区别的常见动词：begin，start，like，love，hate等。4.S＋Vt＋Oi＋Od例如：Hegavemeapen.主谓间宾直宾1)这种结构也可将间宾放到直宾之后，但间宾前需加介词to(对象)或for(目的)；例如：Theylentthebiketotheboy.主谓直宾间宾5.S＋Vt＋O＋C例如：Theboywishedhisfathertobuyabikeforhim.主谓宾宾补1)带to的不定式作宾补；例如：Sheaskedmetocallhimagain.很多动词后面都可以有这种宾补，这类动词有：ask，tell，want，wish，would，like，like，hate等。2)不带to的不定式作宾补；例如：Weoftenhearthegirlsingthesong.能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let，feel，notice，help，make，have，listento，hear，see，watch，lookat，observe.注：①如果这种结构变为被动语态，不定式就必然带to.②help后的不定式可以带to也可不带to.3)分词作宾补；例如：Heheardsomebodyknockingonthewindow.现在分词作宾补表示主动，且动作正在进行，过去分词作宾补表示被动，或动作已完成，也可以表示请别人做某事。能带分词作宾补的常见动词为感官动词：see，hear，notice，watch，feel及find，get，have(这三个动词为使役动词)等。4)名词作宾补；例如：Wemustkeepitasecret.这类复合宾语只有在有限的一些动词后使用，常见的动词有：name，call，make，elect，think，find，leave等Whathehavedonemadehimasuccessfulman.5)形容词作宾补。例如：Youshouldkeeptheroomclean.常见的能跟这种复合宾语的动词有：make，keep，find，want，wish，like，see，think，believe，leave等。Theinterestingstorymademehappy.leavemealoneWesawhimout.附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：•定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句•状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定语PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby．ShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrations．Haveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.Johnoftencametochatwithme．Johnlikesorangesverymuch．Wheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangry．Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.You’dbetterstayhere.状语Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagain．Comehere，John．（呼语）句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分（You）Comehere．（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggs．Herunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：省略成分省略成分•Heseldom,ifever,goestothecinema.•Therearefew,ifany,booksonthetable.•Hemovedhismouthfromtimetotime,asiftosaysomething.•Ifheated,watercanturnintogas.•I’dliketo,but…•Areyouateacher?/No,butIusedtobe.连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。连接成分简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。•作一种陈述•提出一个问题•发出一种命令或请求•表示一种感叹Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!简单句的基本词序主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar.简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Iboughtaraincoatwithawarmlining.Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforeseveno’clock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy.两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.Hissecretaryisn’tf