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四、名词解释：1)Parole话语：①itreferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.②itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.③itisconcrete,referstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.④itvariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.2)Appliedlinguistics应用语言学：findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsasrecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisknownasappliedlinguistics.3)Reference（所指）语义:Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4)Illocutionaryact言外行为：theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention,itistheactpreformedinsayingsomething.5)Regionaldialect地域方言：itisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Ithasbeenfoundthatregionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,riversandswamps.6)LAD(LanguageAcquisitionDevice)语言习得机制：Itwasdescribedasanimaginaryblackboxexistingsomewhereinthehumanbrain.7)CA（ContrastiveAnalysis）对比分析：startingwithdescribingcomparablefeaturesofthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguage,CAcomparestheformsandmeaningsacrossthesetwolanguagestolocatethemismatchesordifferencessothatpeoplecanpredictthepossiblelearningdifficultylearnersmayencounter.8)Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：itisthestudyoftworelatedareas：languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthebrainisstructuredandwhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperforms,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.9)Predicationanalysis述谓结构分析：①ItisproposedbytheBritishLinguistG.Leech.②Thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.③Thisappliestoallformsofasentence.④Apredicationconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate.10)Cross-culturalcommunication(interculturalcommunication)跨文化交流：itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.11)Cross-association互相联想：InEnglishwesometimesmaycomeacrosswordswhicharesimilarinmeaning.Theirspellingandpronunciationarealsoalike.Thecloseassociationofthetwoleadstoconfusion.Suchinterferenceisoftenreferredascross-association.12)CPH（CriticalPeriodHypothesis）临界期假说：aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.①ThestrongversionofCPHsuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.②Theweakversionholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.(SupportinVictor’sandGenie’scases)13)Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviourinusinglanguagetoellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.14)Performance语言运用；言语行为：theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.15)Duality双重性(doublearticulation)：languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorbasiclevelisofsounds,whicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelcanbemeaningful.五、问答题：Chapter11.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem,thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudyTheyaresimilarintwoaspects:thedefinitionandthecontentofstudy.Ononehand,Saussuredefineslangueastheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparoleastherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Wecanseethatlangueandcompetencebothrefertotheabstractissue,conventionsandknowledge,andparoleandperformancebotharetheiractualrealization,theconcreteuse.Ontheotherhand,inSaussure’sopinion,whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparoleasparoleistoovariedandconfusing.AndthisisthesameasChomsky.Hethinkslinguistsshouldstudytheidealspeaker’scompetence,nothisperformance,whichistoohaphazardtobestudied.TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.8.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsys