常用戏剧术语

常用戏剧术语1.Drama–Theformofcompositiondesignedforperformanceinthetheater,inwhichact0rstaketherolesofthecharacters,performtheindicatedaction,andutterthewrittendialogue.Thecommonalternativenameforadramaticcompositionisaplay.Apersonwhowritesaplayisadramatist/playwright剧作家ThefirstdramastobewrittenfortheexpresspurposeofbeingperformedwerecreatedbytheGreeks.ManymoderndramatermsderivefromGreekorigins.(1)Formsofdrama:Poeticdrama-writteninverse诗剧Closetdrama-playsinitiallymeanttobeperformedorrecitedatsmallgatheringsorreadinprivate.Example:Shelley’sPrometheusUnbound(1820)文房剧Screenplay电影剧本,formovies,havemorecomplexandstrictrulesforformatting.(2)Typesofdrama:Comedy–IntheGreeksense,aplaythatdoesn’tendindeath.Inmodernusage,referstoaplaythatishumorous.喜剧Tragedy–IntheGreeksense,aplaythatendswiththedeathofatleastoneofthemaincharacters.Inmodernusage,referstoaplaythatdoesn’thaveahappyending.悲剧Tragicomedy-thetermusedtodescribeadramathatincorporatesbothtragicandcomedicelements.Thishybridformwaspopularizedinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.Playswritteninthismodeoftenfeaturedtragicconflictsthatresolvehappilythroughunexpected--sometimesimprobable--plottwists.Example:Shakespeare’sTheMerchantofVenice悲喜剧2.Script–thewrittentextofaplay.Usuallyincludesalistofcharactersthatappearintheplaywithabriefdescriptionofwhatthecharacterislike(DramatisPersonae剧中人物表),briefdescriptionsofthesetsorsetting背景/布景,andthelines台词thecharacterswillspeak.剧本Act–Amajorsectionofaplay,similartoachapterinabook;anactisusuallymadeupofseveralscenes.Thefive-actstructurewasoriginallyintroducedinRomantimesandbecametheconventioninShakespeare’speriod.Inthe19thcenturythiswasreducedtofouractsand20thcenturydramatendstofavorthreeacts.幕Scene–asubdivisionofanact;usually,asceneindicatesaspecificlocationortime,andchangesifanotherlocationortimeissupposedtobepresented.场Stagedirection–adescription(asofacharacterorsetting)ordirection(astoindicatestagebusiness)providedinthetextofaplay,usuallyindicatedwithitalicsand/orparentheses.Itmayindicatewherethescenetakesplace,whatacharacterissupposedtodo,orhowacharactershoulddelivercertainlines.舞台指示Enter–Astagedirection–tellsthecharacter(s)tocomeontothestage.Oftenincludesadirection(leftorright)oradditionalinformationabouthowcharactersaretoenterthescene.登场Exit/Exeunt(pl.)–Astagedirection–tellsthecharacter(s)toleavethestageandthescene.Oftenincludesadirection(leftorright)oradditionalinformationabouthowcharactersaretoleavethescene.Example:Exeuntsoldiersandtownspeople.退场3.Character-Animaginarypersonthatinhabitsaliterarywork.Dramaticcharactersmaybemajor主要orminor次要,static(unchanging静态)ordynamic(capableofchange动态),round(withpsychologicaldepth丰满的)orflat(astockcharacter模式化人物orsimplifiedstereotype平面的).Example:InShakespeare'sOthello,Desdemonaisamajorcharacter,butonewhoisstatic.Othelloisamajorcharacterwhoisdynamic,exhibitinganabilitytochange.人物Protagonist主人公--Antagonist对立角色Hero/Heroine男女主角--Villain反面角色Foil-Acharacterinaworkwho,bysharpcontrast,servestostressandhighlightthedistinctivetemperamentoftheprotagonist.Example:inPrideandPrejudice,thegentleandcompliantJaneBennetservesasafoilto/forherstrong-willedsisterElizabeth.陪衬Chorus–①inGreekdrama,agroupofsingersanddancerswhooftenprovideexpositionandcommentaryontheactionintheplay.歌队②inShakespeare’splays,acharacterwhospeakstheprologueandepilogueandcommentsontheaction.致辞者Extra–aminorcharacterwhodoesn’thavemanyoranylines;usually,extrasdon’thavenames,butareidentifiedbywhattheydo(“servant,”“boy,”“policeman”)andsometimesanumberiftherearemorethanoneofthattypeofextra.临时演员Characterization–themeansbywhichanauthorrevealsthepersonalityofacharacter人物塑造4.Lines–wordsspokenbyacharacter.台词Dialogue–thelinesspokenbytheactors;inthescript,precededbythenameofthecharacterthatistospeakthewords.对白Monologue–Aspeechgivenbyasinglecharacterwhilethatcharacterisaloneonstage;alsocalledasoliloquy.独白Soliloquy–Indrama(especiallyElizabethan[Shakespearean]),anextendedspeechbyasolitarycharacterexpressinginnerthoughtsaloudtohim-orherselfandtotheaudience;amonologue.独白Aside–Amonologueperformedbyacharacterwhileothercharactersareonstage;theinformationinanasideisnotheardbytheothercharactersonstage,eventhoughtheymaybestandingverycloseby;itisintendedtoconveythecharacter’sprivatethoughtstotheaudience.Othercharactersonstageatthattimemayfreeze,toshowthatthewordsbeingsaidarenotbeingoverheard;othertimes,theothercharacterswillgoabouttheirbusinessbutignorethecharactergivingtheaside.旁白（比较：画外音voice-over，叙事人narrator）Subtext–unspokenbutimpliedtext;foranactor,theinternalmotivationsorresponsesneverexplicitlystatedinthedialogue,butunderstoodeitherbytheaudienceorthecharactersthemselves.潜台词5.Plot–Thesequenceofeventsthatmakeupastory.情节(1)Typesofplot:Doubleplots双重情节(mainplotandsubplot)Subplot-Asubsidiaryorsubordinateorparallelplotthatcoexistswiththemainplot.Example:theGloucesterstoryinKingLear.次要情节(2)Plotdevices:Conflict-Thereisnodramawithoutconflict.Theconflictbetweenopposingforcesinaplaycanbeexternal(betweencharacters)外部orinternal(withinacharacter)内心andisusuallyresolvedbytheendofth