孟子-英文介绍

•吕甲涛•神经外科Neurosurgery•Mencius,alsoknownbyhisbirthnameMengKe，wasbornintheStateofZou,nowformingthecityofzhoucheng，shandongprovince，onlythirtykilometressouthofQufu,Confucius’birthplace.Mencius孟子•Mencius‘sfatherdiedwhenhewasveryyoung.HismotherZhǎng(仉)raisedhimalone.Mencius’motherisoftenheldupasanexemplary（典范的）femalefigureinChineseculture.OneofthemostfamoustraditionalChineseidiomsisMencius'mother,threemoves“.至圣与亚圣•Mencius’disciples（门徒）includedalargenumberoffeudallords（封建君主）,andhewasactuallymoreinfluentialthanConfuciushadbeen.TheMencius，abookofhisconversationswithkingsofthetime,isoneoftheFourBooksthatZhuXigroupedasthecoreoforthodox（正统的）Neo-Confucian（儒家）thought.一、Viewonpolitics•Menciusemphasizedthesignificanceofthecommoncitizensinthestate.WhileConfucianismgenerallyregardsrulershighly,hearguedthatthepeoplearethemosthighlyvalued,nextcomethegodsofthelandandgrain,thesovereignislight.•(民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻)二、Education•AccordingtoMencius,educationmustawakentheinnateabilitiesofthehumanmind.Headvocatedactiveinterrogation（质疑）ofthetext,saying,“Onewhobelievesallofabookwouldbebetteroffwithoutbooks”.(尽信书，则不如无书）三、OnHumanNature•ForMencius，Humannaturehasaninnatetendencytowardsgoodness，hethoughtthefourethicalattributes（属性）ren,yi,li,andzhi,thateveryonesharedwereveryimportant.Theseincludecommiseration（怜悯),thesenseofshame,areverential（虔诚的）attitudetowardothers,andthesenseofrightandwrong.1.Lifespringsfromsorrowandcalamity,anddeathfromeaseandpleasure.生于忧患，死于安乐2.Youcan’thaveyourcakeandeatittoo.鱼我所欲也，熊掌亦我所欲也，二者不可兼得，舍鱼而求熊掌者也3.Thebenevolenthavenoenemy.仁者无敌4.Nothingcanbeaccomplishedwithoutnormsorstandards不规矩无以成方圆