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I．TOPIC:ThomasHardyandTessoftheD’Urbervilles(LVIII)II.OBJECTIVES:A)IntroductiontoThomasHardy(1840-1928)B)MajorworksandtheirspecialfeaturesC）StudyofTessoftheD’Urbervilles(LVIII)1.Themainplotsofthenovel2.Themesofthenovel3.ThecauseofthetragedyofTess.4.TheimageofTess5.UnderstandingoftheexcerptE)AssignmentTopic1—IntroductiontoThomasHardy1.ThomasHardyisagreatpainterofnature.Inhishand,natureassumestheformoflifeandbecomesamostpowerful,forbiddingforcewithitsownlifeandwill.2.Hardyisregardedasatransitional过渡期的writernotonlybecausehelivedattheturnofthecentury,butmoreimportantlybecausethereistheinfluenceonhimfromboththepastandthemodern.3.IntheVictorianperiod,ThomasHardy,thatWessex威塞克斯man,notonlycontinuedtoexposeandcriticizeallsortsofsocialiniquities邪恶,butfinallycametoquestionandattacktheVictorianconventions协议；习俗;国会andmorals.4.ThomasHardy’snovelsareallVictorianindate.MostofthemaresetinWessex,thefictionalprimitive虚构的原始andcrude天然的rural农村的regionwhichisreallythehomeplacehebothlovesandhates.5.Hardy’spessimisticviewoflifepredominates在…中占优势mostofhisworksandearnsareputationasanaturalistic自然主义的writer.InThomasHardy’snovels,theoutsidenature—thenaturalenvironmentorNatureherself,isshownassomemysterioussupernaturalforce神秘的超自然力量,verypowerfulbuthalf-blind,impulsive任性的anduncaringtotheindividual’swill,hope,passion激情，热情；爱好orsuffering.Itlikestoplaypracticaljokesuponhumanbeingsbyproducingaseriesofmistimed不合时宜的actionsandunfortunatecoincidences.Manprovesimpotent无力的；虚弱的beforeFate,howeverhetries,andheseldomescapeshisordained判定destiny.6.InthenovelTessoftheD’Urbervilles，theheroineTessisseduced诱奸byasquire地主，乡绅namedAlecbeforeshemarriestheclergyman’s牧师的；教士的sonnamedAngel.7.InthenovelTessoftheD’Urbervilles，naturalistictendencyisalsostrong.Inaway,Tessseemstobeledtoherfinaldestruction破坏，毁灭stepbystepbyfate.InhisPrefacetothenovelhequotesGlo’ster’sspeechtoKingLear：Asfliestowantonboysarewetothegods；Theykillusfortheirsport.我们之於神明,如同苍蝇之於顽童,--他们以杀我们为消遣.8.Hardyisgoodatusingthedescriptionofenvironmenttoaffectreaders.Hisnovelsareascenerywithacharacter'ssoul.Hecanblend混合thesettingandthefeelingofcharactersverywell.Majorworks1)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)《还乡》Ittellsofthefutile无效的，无用的attemptsofayoungwomantoescapethedull,backwardrurallifeonthebig,wildEgdonheathandofayoungmantoreformit.Thewild,powerfulEgdonheathbecomesthesymbolofprimitive原始的naturalforcesthatcontrolanddestroyman’sdestiny.2)TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长TheheroMichaelHenchard,indrunkenness,sellshiswifetoapass-bysailor.Whenheawakens,bothhiswifeanddaughteraregone.Withaguiltyheart,heswearsnevertodrinkagainforthenext20years.Heworkshard,becomesrich,andismademayorofCasterbridge.18yearslater,hiswifeanddaughtercomebackbecausethesailorissupposeddead.Henchardmarrieshisformerwifeagainandlivesahappylifeuntilhiswifediesandthetruthofthefatherhood父亲的身份ofhisdaughterisout.Hisformerbusinesspartner,whoisnowhisrival对手；竞争者inbusinessandinlove,spreadsthescandal丑闻abouthissale出卖ofhiswifeandquicklyruinshisreputation.Henchardtakestodrinkingagain,andthenwithdrawsintotheEgdonheathanddiesthereinpovertyandloneliness.3)TessoftheD’urbervilles(1891)4)JudetheObscure(1895)无名的裘德Jude,apoororphanboy,hasearlycherishedthedreamofgoingtouniversityandbecomingapriest神父，牧师.Afterbeingtrappedintomarriagewithavainbutbeautifulwoman,hemeetshiscousin,SueBridehead.Thelatterisanintelligentandenergeticyoungteacherandmarriedtoanelderlyschoolmaster.Thetwofallinloveandbothbreakawayfromtheformerwedlock结婚的状态andlivetogetherforsomeyears.Theynevergetmarried,becausesocialmoralitydoesnotallowit.Theybothlivewithaguiltyconscience良心；道德心.Thetragicdeathoftheirchildrenprovesthefinalblow最后一击.Sue,inanagony极大的痛苦ofremorse懊悔andself-debasement自我贬低,returnstoherformerhusband.Jude,takenbackbyhisformerwife,takestodrinkinganddiesmiserably痛苦地,悲惨地.2.Specialfeatures1)ThomasHardyisagreatpainterofnature.Inhishand,theWessexprairie大草原comestolife,withitsowncolor,temper,mystery,omen前兆,andforceofdestruction破坏，毁灭.2)Theunderlyingthemeisthestrugglebetweenmanandhisenvironment,betweenaspiringhumanspiritandtheexternalinanimatenature外部无生命的本性.3)Hardytakescommonworking-classpeopleasheroesandheroinesinhisnovels.Hisheroesareusuallytragiconeswhoacquireself-consciousnessandquestionthefundamentals基本法则ofthesociety.4)Inhisworks,thestrongelementsofnaturalismarecombinedwithatendencytowardssymbolism象征主义.5)Instyle,Hardyisatraditionalist传统主义者,althoughthereareobvioustraits显著的特点ofmodernisminthematic主题的matters.Almostallhisworksarewellstructuredandplotted.Therustic乡土风味的dialectheightensitslocalorregionalcolor.Theyarealsonotedforthedetailedandpoeticdescriptionofthecharacter’sinnerlife—theirdesires,passions,andsufferings,etc.—anditsreflection反映intheenvironment.Topic3—StudyofTessoftheD’Urbervilles(LVIII)Introductoryremarks*JaneEyrerepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.Tessisatypicalvictimofthehypocritical伪善的；虚伪的moralityofthesociety.*Thenovelreveals显示Hardy’spessimismbyattributing把…归于Tess’tragedytochanceandfateandbyentertainingnostalgicyearning怀旧之情forp